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Volume 1
Principles of Accounting,
Volume 1: Financial
Accounting
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
MITCHELL FRANKLIN, LE MOYNE COLLEGE (FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING)
PATTY GRAYBEAL, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-DEARBORN (MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING)
DIXON COOPER, OUACHITA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY
OpenStax
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-375
Houston, Texas 77005
To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org.
Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
|
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https://openstax.org/details/books/principles-financial-accounting in your citation.
|
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For questions regarding this licensing, please contact [email protected].
Trademarks
The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo,
OpenStax Tutor name, Openstax Tutor logo, Connexions name, Connexions logo, Rice University name, and
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PRINT BOOK ISBN-10
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PDF VERSION ISBN-10
PDF VERSION ISBN-13
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1-947172-68-9
978-1-947172-68-5
1-947172-67-0
978-1-947172-67-8
OPENSTAX
|
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PRINT BOOK ISBN-10
PRINT BOOK ISBN-13
PDF VERSION ISBN-10
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1-947172-68-9
978-1-947172-68-5
1-947172-67-0
978-1-947172-67-8
OPENSTAX
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Ann and John Doerr
Michelson 20MM Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
National Science Foundation
Girard Foundation
Google Inc.
The Open Society Foundations
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Ann and John Doerr
Michelson 20MM Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
National Science Foundation
Girard Foundation
Google Inc.
The Open Society Foundations
Jumee Yhu and David E. Park III
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
Brian D. Patterson USA-International Foundation
Rusty and John Jaggers
The Bill and Stephanie Sick Fund
The Calvin K. Kazanjian Economics Foundation
Robin and Sandy Stuart Foundation
Charles Koch Foundation
The Stuart Family Foundation
Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Inc.
Tammy and Guillermo Treviño
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 1
1 Role of Accounting in Society 11
1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial and Managerial
Accounting
12
1.2 Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply Information
1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying,
14
Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities
18
1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders
1.5 Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education
24
32
2
Introduction to Financial Statements 61
2.1 Describe the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, Balance Sheet, and
Statement of Cash Flows, and How They Interrelate
62
2.2 Define, Explain, and Provide Examples of Current and Noncurrent Assets, Current and
|
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Statement of Cash Flows, and How They Interrelate
62
2.2 Define, Explain, and Provide Examples of Current and Noncurrent Assets, Current and
Noncurrent Liabilities, Equity, Revenues, and Expenses
77
2.3 Prepare an Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, and Balance Sheet
81
3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions 115
3.1 Describe Principles, Assumptions, and Concepts of Accounting and Their Relationship to
Financial Statements
116
3.2 Define and Describe the Expanded Accounting Equation and Its Relationship to Analyzing
Transactions
124
3.3 Define and Describe the Initial Steps in the Accounting Cycle
3.4 Analyze Business Transactions Using the Accounting Equation and Show the Impact of
130
Business Transactions on Financial Statements
135
3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts
3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance
165
140
4
The Adjustment Process 211
|
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130
Business Transactions on Financial Statements
135
3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts
3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance
165
140
4
The Adjustment Process 211
4.1 Explain the Concepts and Guidelines Affecting Adjusting Entries
4.2 Discuss the Adjustment Process and Illustrate Common Types of Adjusting Entries
4.3 Record and Post the Common Types of Adjusting Entries
4.4 Use the Ledger Balances to Prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance
4.5 Prepare Financial Statements Using the Adjusted Trial Balance
236
239
212
227
215
5 Completing the Accounting Cycle 285
5.1 Describe and Prepare Closing Entries for a Business
5.2 Prepare a Post-Closing Trial Balance
298
286
5.3 Apply the Results from the Adjusted Trial Balance to Compute Current Ratio and Working
Capital Balance, and Explain How These Measures Represent Liquidity
5.4 Appendix: Complete a Comprehensive Accounting Cycle for a Business
300
313
6 Merchandising Transactions 365
|
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] |
Capital Balance, and Explain How These Measures Represent Liquidity
5.4 Appendix: Complete a Comprehensive Accounting Cycle for a Business
300
313
6 Merchandising Transactions 365
6.1 Compare and Contrast Merchandising versus Service Activities and Transactions
6.2 Compare and Contrast Perpetual versus Periodic Inventory Systems
6.3 Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases Using the Perpetual Inventory
378
366
System 386
6.4 Analyze and Record Transactions for the Sale of Merchandise Using the Perpetual Inventory
System 392
6.5 Discuss and Record Transactions Applying the Two Commonly Used Freight-In
Methods
400
6.6 Describe and Prepare Multi-Step and Simple Income Statements for Merchandising
Companies
404
6.7 Appendix: Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases and Sales Using the
Periodic Inventory System 408
7 Accounting Information Systems 451
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Companies
404
6.7 Appendix: Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases and Sales Using the
Periodic Inventory System 408
7 Accounting Information Systems 451
7.1 Define and Describe the Components of an Accounting Information System 452
7.2 Describe and Explain the Purpose of Special Journals and Their Importance to
Stakeholders
466
7.3 Analyze and Journalize Transactions Using Special Journals
7.4 Prepare a Subsidiary Ledger
7.5 Describe Career Paths Open to Individuals with a Joint Education in Accounting and
487
476
Information Systems
494
8
Fraud, Internal Controls, and Cash 531
8.1 Analyze Fraud in the Accounting Workplace
8.2 Define and Explain Internal Controls and Their Purpose within an Organization
8.3 Describe Internal Controls within an Organization
8.4 Define the Purpose and Use of a Petty Cash Fund, and Prepare Petty Cash Journal
532
542
535
Entries
547
|
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532
542
535
Entries
547
8.5 Discuss Management Responsibilities for Maintaining Internal Controls within an
Organization
551
8.6 Define the Purpose of a Bank Reconciliation, and Prepare a Bank Reconciliation and Its
Associated Journal Entries
552
8.7 Describe Fraud in Financial Statements and Sarbanes-Oxley Act Requirements
555
9 Accounting for Receivables 577
9.1 Explain the Revenue Recognition Principle and How It Relates to Current and Future Sales
and Purchase Transactions
578
9.2 Account for Uncollectible Accounts Using the Balance Sheet and Income Statement
Approaches
584
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and Purchase Transactions
578
9.2 Account for Uncollectible Accounts Using the Balance Sheet and Income Statement
Approaches
584
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
9.3 Determine the Efficiency of Receivables Management Using Financial Ratios
9.4 Discuss the Role of Accounting for Receivables in Earnings Management
9.5 Apply Revenue Recognition Principles to Long-Term Projects
9.6 Explain How Notes Receivable and Accounts Receivable Differ
9.7 Appendix: Comprehensive Example of Bad Debt Estimation
606
603
612
599
594
10
Inventory 647
10.1 Describe and Demonstrate the Basic Inventory Valuation Methods and Their Cost Flow
Assumptions
648
10.2 Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold and Ending Inventory Using the Periodic Method
10.3 Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold and Ending Inventory Using the Perpetual Method
10.4 Explain and Demonstrate the Impact of Inventory Valuation Errors on the Income
657
663
Statement and Balance Sheet
|
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657
663
Statement and Balance Sheet
672
10.5 Examine the Efficiency of Inventory Management Using Financial Ratios
674
11 Long-Term Assets 699
11.1 Distinguish between Tangible and Intangible Assets
11.2 Analyze and Classify Capitalized Costs versus Expenses
11.3 Explain and Apply Depreciation Methods to Allocate Capitalized Costs
709
11.4 Describe Accounting for Intangible Assets and Record Related Transactions
11.5 Describe Some Special Issues in Accounting for Long-Term Assets
700
704
723
721
12 Current Liabilities 745
12.1 Identify and Describe Current Liabilities
12.2 Analyze, Journalize, and Report Current Liabilities
12.3 Define and Apply Accounting Treatment for Contingent Liabilities
12.4 Prepare Journal Entries to Record Short-Term Notes Payable
12.5 Record Transactions Incurred in Preparing Payroll
777
755
746
773
764
13 Long-Term Liabilities 809
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777
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13 Long-Term Liabilities 809
13.1 Explain the Pricing of Long-Term Liabilities
13.2 Compute Amortization of Long-Term Liabilities Using the Effective-Interest Method
13.3 Prepare Journal Entries to Reflect the Life Cycle of Bonds
13.4 Appendix: Special Topics Related to Long-Term Liabilities
830
842
810
822
14 Corporation Accounting 859
14.1 Explain the Process of Securing Equity Financing through the Issuance of Stock
14.2 Analyze and Record Transactions for the Issuance and Repurchase of Stock
14.3 Record Transactions and the Effects on Financial Statements for Cash Dividends, Property
871
860
Dividends, Stock Dividends, and Stock Splits
879
14.4 Compare and Contrast Owners’ Equity versus Retained Earnings
890
14.5 Discuss the Applicability of Earnings per Share as a Method to Measure
Performance
897
15 Partnership Accounting 925
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Performance
897
15 Partnership Accounting 925
15.1 Describe the Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizing as a Partnership
15.2 Describe How a Partnership Is Created, Including the Associated Journal Entries
15.3 Compute and Allocate Partners’ Share of Income and Loss
15.4 Prepare Journal Entries to Record the Admission and Withdrawal of a Partner
15.5 Discuss and Record Entries for the Dissolution of a Partnership
943
935
926
932
938
16 Statement of Cash Flows 955
16.1 Explain the Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows
16.2 Differentiate between Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities
16.3 Prepare the Statement of Cash Flows Using the Indirect Method
16.4 Prepare the Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Indirect Method
16.5 Use Information from the Statement of Cash Flows to Prepare Ratios to Assess Liquidity
956
957
971
959
and Solvency
974
16.6 Appendix: Prepare a Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Direct Method
979
A
|
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956
957
971
959
and Solvency
974
16.6 Appendix: Prepare a Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Direct Method
979
A
Financial Statement Analysis 1009
B Time Value of Money 1021
C
Suggested Resources 1025
Index 1041
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Preface
Preface
1
Welcome to Principles of Accounting, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student
access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.
About OpenStax
OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education.
Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 30
books for college and AP® courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. OpenStax Tutor, our low-cost
|
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license within the caption. Because the art is openly licensed, anyone may reuse the art as long as they provide
the same attribution to its original source.
To maximize readability and content flow, some art does not include attribution in the text. If you reuse art
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Errata
All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook,
errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed
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2
Format
Preface
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transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on
openstax.org.
2
Format
Preface
You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through openstax.org, and for a low cost in print.
About Principles of Accounting
Principles of Accounting is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of a two-semester
accounting course that covers the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. This book is
specifically designed to appeal to both accounting and non-accounting majors, exposing students to the core
concepts of accounting in familiar ways to build a strong foundation that can be applied across business fields.
Each chapter opens with a relatable real-life scenario for today’s college student. Thoughtfully designed
examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting
|
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examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting
knowledge. Concepts are further reinforced through applicable connections to more detailed business
processes. Students are immersed in the “why” as well as the “how” aspects of accounting in order to
reinforce concepts and promote comprehension over rote memorization.
Coverage and scope
Our Principles of Accounting textbook adheres to the scope and sequence requirements of accounting courses
nationwide. We have endeavored to make the core concepts and practical applications of accounting
engaging, relevant, and accessible to students.
Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting
Chapter 1: The Role of Accounting in Society
Chapter 2: Introduction to Financial Statements
Chapter 3: Analyzing and Recording Transactions
Chapter 4: The Adjustment Process
Chapter 5: Completing the Accounting Cycle
Chapter 6: Merchandising Transactions
|
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Chapter 3: Analyzing and Recording Transactions
Chapter 4: The Adjustment Process
Chapter 5: Completing the Accounting Cycle
Chapter 6: Merchandising Transactions
Chapter 7: Accounting Information Systems
Chapter 8: Fraud, Internal Controls, and Cash
Chapter 9: Accounting for Receivables
Chapter 10: Inventory
Chapter 11: Long-Term Assets
Chapter 12: Current Liabilities
Chapter 13: Long-Term Liabilities
Chapter 14: Corporation Accounting
Chapter 15: Partnership Accounting
Chapter 16: Statement of Cash Flows
Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting
Chapter 1: Accounting as a Tool for Managers
Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Managerial Accounting
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Preface
3
Chapter 3: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Chapter 4: Job Order Costing
Chapter 5: Process Costing
Chapter 6: Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption Costing
Chapter 7: Budgeting
Chapter 8: Standard Costs and Variances
|
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Chapter 4: Job Order Costing
Chapter 5: Process Costing
Chapter 6: Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption Costing
Chapter 7: Budgeting
Chapter 8: Standard Costs and Variances
Chapter 9: Responsibility Accounting and Decentralization
Chapter 10: Short-Term Decision-Making
Chapter 11: Capital Budgeting Decisions
Chapter 12: Balanced Scorecard and Other Performance Measures
Chapter 13: Sustainability Reporting
Engaging feature boxes
Throughout Principles of Accounting, you will find features that engage students by taking selected topics a step
further.
• Your Turn. This feature provides students an opportunity to apply covered concepts.
• Concepts in Practice. This feature takes students beyond mechanics and illustrates the utility of a given
concept for accountants and non-accountants. We encourage instructors to reference these as part of
their in-class lectures and assessments to provide easily relatable applications.
|
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concept for accountants and non-accountants. We encourage instructors to reference these as part of
their in-class lectures and assessments to provide easily relatable applications.
• Think It Through. This scenario-based feature puts students in the role of decision-maker. With topics
ranging from ethical dilemmas to conflicting analytical results, the purpose of this feature is to teach
students that in the real world not every question has just one answer.
• Continuing Application at Work. This feature follows an individual company or segment of an industry
and examines how businesspeople conduct the decision-making process in different situations. It allows
students to see how concepts build on each other.
• Ethical Considerations. This feature illustrates the ethical implication of decisions, how accounting
concepts are applied to real-life examples, and how financial and managerial decisions can impact many
stakeholders.
•
|
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concepts are applied to real-life examples, and how financial and managerial decisions can impact many
stakeholders.
•
IFRS Connection. This feature presents the differences and similarities between U.S. GAAP and IFRS,
helping students understand how accounting concepts and rules between countries may vary and thus
affect financial reporting and decision-making.
• Link to Learning. This feature provides a very brief introduction to online resources and videos that are
pertinent to students’ exploration of the topic at hand.
Pedagogical features that reinforce key concepts
• Learning Objectives. Each chapter is organized into sections based on clear and comprehensive learning
objectives that help guide students on what they can expect to learn. After completing the modules and
assessments, students should be able to demonstrate mastery of the learning objectives.
• Summaries. Designed to support both students and instructors, section summaries distill the information
|
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assessments, students should be able to demonstrate mastery of the learning objectives.
• Summaries. Designed to support both students and instructors, section summaries distill the information
in each module down to key, concise points.
• Key Terms. Key terms are bolded the first time that they are used and are followed by a definition in
context. Definitions of key terms are also listed in the glossary, which appears at the end of the chapter.
4
Preface
Assessments to test comprehension and practice skills
An assortment of assessment types are provided in this text to allow for practice and self-assessment
throughout the course of study.
• Multiple Choice. are basic review questions that test comprehension.
• Questions include brief, open-response questions to test comprehension.
• Exercises (Sets A and B) are application Application questions that require a combination of quantitative
and analytical skills.
|
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• Exercises (Sets A and B) are application Application questions that require a combination of quantitative
and analytical skills.
• Problems (Sets A and B) are advanced Advanced activities that allow students to demonstrate learning
and application of multiple learning objectives and skills concurrently in one set of facts. Problems are
designed to assess higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.
• Thought Provokers are open-ended questions, often with more than one acceptable response, designed
to stretch students intellectually.
Effective art program
Our art program is designed to enhance students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective
presentations of financial materials and diagrams.
Figure 1
Journal Entry.
Figure 2 Work in Process Inventory T-Account.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Preface
5
Figure 3
Income Statement.
Figure 4 Organizational Chart.
6
Preface
Figure 5
Cash Interest Payment.
|
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Preface
5
Figure 3
Income Statement.
Figure 4 Organizational Chart.
6
Preface
Figure 5
Cash Interest Payment.
Figure 6 General Ledger.
Additional resources
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|
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other faculty.
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About the authors
Senior contributing authors
Mitchell Franklin, Le Moyne College (Financial Accounting)
Mitchell Franklin (PhD, CPA) is an Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate and Graduate
Accounting Programs at Le Moyne College’s Madden School of Business. His research interests include the
impact of tax law on policy, and innovative education in both financial accounting and taxation, with articles
published in journals including Issues in Accounting Education, Advances in Accounting Education, Tax Notes,
Journal of Taxation, and The CPA Journal and Tax Adviser. He teaches introductory and advanced courses in
|
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Journal of Taxation, and The CPA Journal and Tax Adviser. He teaches introductory and advanced courses in
individual and corporate taxation as well as financial accounting. Prior to joining Le Moyne College, he served
on the faculty at Syracuse University.
Patty Graybeal, University of Michigan-Dearborn (Managerial Accounting)
Patty Graybeal received her BBA from Radford University and her MACCT and PhD from Virginia Tech. She
teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in financial, managerial, governmental, and international
accounting. She has published scholarly articles on performance plans and compensation structures, as well
as bankruptcy prediction, and she currently focuses on pedagogical issues related to instructional methods
and resources that enhance student academic success. Prior to UM-Dearborn, she was on the faculty at Wake
Forest University, George Mason University, and Virginia Tech. She brings significant real-world experience to
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Forest University, George Mason University, and Virginia Tech. She brings significant real-world experience to
the classroom from her prior work in healthcare administration and her current work with the auto industry.
Dixon Cooper, Ouachita Baptist University
Dixon Cooper received his BBA in Accounting and MS in Taxation from the University of North Texas. He has
taught undergraduate and graduate courses in accounting, finance, and economics. In addition to his
academic activities, he served for approximately fifteen years as an author/editor for the AICPA’s continuing
education program and maintained a tax compliance and financial services practice. He also has several years
of experience in public accounting and consulting. Prior to teaching at Ouachita Baptist University, he was a
faculty member at the University of North Texas, Texas Christian University Austin College, and the University
of Arkansas.
Contributing authors
LuAnn Bean, Florida Institute of Technology
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faculty member at the University of North Texas, Texas Christian University Austin College, and the University
of Arkansas.
Contributing authors
LuAnn Bean, Florida Institute of Technology
Ian Burt, Niagara University
Shana Carr, San Diego City College
David T. Collins, Bellarmine University
Shawna Coram, Florida State College at Jacksonville
8
Preface
Kenneth Creech, Briar Cliff University
Alan Czyzewski, Indiana State University
Michael Gauci, Florida Atlantic University
Cindy Greenman, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Michael Haselkorn, Bentley University
Christine Irujo, Westfield State University
Cynthia Johnson, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Cynthia Khanlarian, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
Terri Lukshaitis, Ferris State University
Debra Luna, Southwest University
Bill Nantz, Houston Community College
Tatyana Pashnyak, Bainbridge State College
Brian Pusateri, University of Scranton
Ellen Rackas, Muhlenberg College
|
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Debra Luna, Southwest University
Bill Nantz, Houston Community College
Tatyana Pashnyak, Bainbridge State College
Brian Pusateri, University of Scranton
Ellen Rackas, Muhlenberg College
Marianne Rexer, Wilkes University
Roslyn Roberts, California State University, Sacramento
Rebecca Rosner, Long Island University
Jeffrey J. Sabolish, University of Michigan-Flint
Jason E. Swartzlander, Bluffton University
Diane Tanner, University of North Florida
Mark M. Ulrich, Queensborough Community College
Janis Weber, University of Louisiana Monroe
Linda Williams, Tidewater Community College
Darryl Woolley, University of Idaho
Reviewers
Janice Akao, Butler Community College
Chandra D. Arthur, Cuyahoga Community College
Kwadwo Asare, Bryant University
Dereck Barr-Pulliam, University of Wisconsin–Madison
John Bedient, Albion College
Debra Benson, Kennesaw State University
Amy Bourne, Oregon State University
Stacy Boyer-Davis, Northern Michigan University
|
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] |
John Bedient, Albion College
Debra Benson, Kennesaw State University
Amy Bourne, Oregon State University
Stacy Boyer-Davis, Northern Michigan University
Dena Breece, Methodist University
Lawrence Chui, University of St. Thomas, Minnesota
Sandra Cohen, Columbia College Chicago
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Preface
9
Bryan Coleman, Assumption College
Sue Cooper, Salisbury University
Constance Crawford, Ramapo College of New Jersey
Cori O. Crews, Valdosta State University
Annette Davis, Glendale Community College
Ronald de Ramon, Rockland Community College
Julie Dilling, Moraine Park Technical College
Terry Elliott, Morehead State University
Jim Emig, Villanova University
Darius Fatemi, Northern Kentucky University
Rhonda Gilreath, Tiffin University
Alan Glazer, Franklin & Marshall College
Marina Grau, Houston Community College
Amber Gray, Adrian College
Jeffry Haber, Iona College
|
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] |
Rhonda Gilreath, Tiffin University
Alan Glazer, Franklin & Marshall College
Marina Grau, Houston Community College
Amber Gray, Adrian College
Jeffry Haber, Iona College
Michelle Hagadorn, Roanoke College
Regina Ivory Butts, Fort Valley State University
Simone Keize, Broward College
Christine Kloezeman, California State University, Los Angeles
Lauri L. Kremer, Lycoming College
W. Eric Lee, University of Northern Iowa
Julie G. Lindsey, University of Phoenix
Jennifer Mack, Lindenwood University
Suneel Maheshwari, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Richard Mandau, Piedmont Technical College
Josephine Mathias, Mercer County Community College
Ermira Mazziotta, Muhlenberg College
Karen B. McCarron, Georgia Gwinnett College
Michelle A. McFeaters, Grove City College
Britton McKay, Georgia Southern University
Christopher McNamara, Finger Lakes Community College
Glenn McQueary, Houston Community College
Tammy Metzke, Milwaukee Area Technical College
|
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] |
Britton McKay, Georgia Southern University
Christopher McNamara, Finger Lakes Community College
Glenn McQueary, Houston Community College
Tammy Metzke, Milwaukee Area Technical College
Stacey Mirinaviciene, Keuka College
Eleonor Moore, Kirtland Community College
Hassan Niazi, Northern State University
10
Preface
Felicia Olagbemi, Colorado State University-Global Campus
Suzanne Owens, Colorado Mesa University
Jenice Prather-Kinsey, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Tom Prieto, College of the Canyons
Atul Rai, Wichita State University
Kevin Raiford, College of Southern Nevada
Dave Repp, Strayer University
Patrick Rogan, Cosumnes River College
John Rossi, Moravian College
Angela Seidel, Saint Francis University
Margaret Shackell, Cornell University
Debra Sinclair, University of South Florida St. Petersburg
Mohsen Souissi, Fayetteville State University
Zivia Sweeney, University of Southern California
Tim Swenson, Sullivan University
Hai Ta, Niagara University
|
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] |
Mohsen Souissi, Fayetteville State University
Zivia Sweeney, University of Southern California
Tim Swenson, Sullivan University
Hai Ta, Niagara University
Andress Walker, Ventura County Community College District
Teresa Walker, Greensboro College
Roland Warfield, Seton Hill University
Michael Wiggins, Georgia Southern University
Joseph Winter, Niagara University
David Ziebart, University of Kentucky
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
1
Role of Accounting in Society
Figure 1.1 Careers and Accounting. Promotional opportunities throughout a person’s career may involve
managerial responsibilities and often include responsibility for a portion of the organization’s financial
performance. Having an understanding of how accounting affects businesses can help the individual to be
successful in meeting the organization’s strategic and financial goals. (credit: modification of “Achievement”
by unknown/Pixabay, CC0)
Chapter Outline
|
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successful in meeting the organization’s strategic and financial goals. (credit: modification of “Achievement”
by unknown/Pixabay, CC0)
Chapter Outline
1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial and Managerial Accounting
1.2 Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply Information
1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying, Recording, and
Reporting Financial Activities
1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders
1.5 Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education
Why It Matters
Jennifer has been in the social work profession for over 25 years. After graduating college, she started working
at an agency that provided services to homeless women and children. Part of her role was to work directly with
the homeless women and children to help them acquire adequate shelter and other necessities. Jennifer
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the homeless women and children to help them acquire adequate shelter and other necessities. Jennifer
currently serves as the director of an organization that provides mentoring services to local youth.
Looking back on her career in the social work field, Jennifer indicates that there are two things that surprised
her. The first thing that surprised her was that as a trained social worker she would ultimately become a
director of a social work agency and would be required to make financial decisions about programs and how
the money is spent. As a college student, she thought social workers would spend their entire careers
providing direct support to their clients. The second thing that surprised her was how valuable it is for
12
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
directors to have an understanding of accounting. She notes, “The best advice I received in college was when
|
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Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
directors to have an understanding of accounting. She notes, “The best advice I received in college was when
my advisor suggested I take an accounting course. As a social work student, I was reluctant to do so because I
did not see the relevance. I didn’t realize so much of an administrator’s role involves dealing with financial
issues. I’m thankful that I took the advice and studied accounting. For example, I was surprised that I would be
expected to routinely present to the board our agency’s financial performance. The board includes several
business professionals and leaders from other agencies. Knowing the accounting terms and having a good
understanding of the information contained in the financial reports gives me a lot of confidence when
answering their questions. In addition, understanding what influences the financial performance of our
agency better prepares me to plan for the future.”
|
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answering their questions. In addition, understanding what influences the financial performance of our
agency better prepares me to plan for the future.”
1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial
and Managerial Accounting
Accounting is the process of organizing, analyzing, and communicating financial information that is used for
decision-making. Financial information is typically prepared by accountants—those trained in the specific
techniques and practices of the profession. This course explores many of the topics and techniques related to
the accounting profession. While many students will directly apply the knowledge gained in this course to
continue their education and become accountants and business professionals, others might pursue different
career paths. However, a solid understanding of accounting can for many still serve as a useful resource. In
|
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career paths. However, a solid understanding of accounting can for many still serve as a useful resource. In
fact, it is hard to think of a profession where a foundation in the principles of accounting would not be
beneficial. Therefore, one of the goals of this course is to provide a solid understanding of how financial
information is prepared and used in the workplace, regardless of your particular career path.
T H I N K I T T H R O U G H
Expertise
Every job or career requires a certain level of technical expertise and an understanding of the key aspects
necessary to be successful. The time required to develop the expertise for a particular job or career
varies from several months to much longer. For instance, doctors, in addition to the many years invested
in the classroom, invest a significant amount of time providing care to patients under the supervision of
more experienced doctors. This helps medical professionals develop the necessary skills to quickly and
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more experienced doctors. This helps medical professionals develop the necessary skills to quickly and
effectively diagnose and treat the various medical conditions they spent so many years learning about.
Figure 1.2
College Graduation. (credit: modification of “140501-A-XA877-046” by Fort Wainwright
Public Affairs Office/Flickr, CC BY 2.0)
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
13
Accounting also typically takes specialized training. Top accounting managers often invest many years
and have a significant amount of experience mastering complex financial transactions. Also, in addition
to attending college, earning professional certifications and investing in continuing education are
necessary to develop a skill set sufficient to becoming experts in an accounting professional field.
The level and type of training in accounting are often dependent on which of the myriad options of
|
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The level and type of training in accounting are often dependent on which of the myriad options of
accounting fields the potential accountant chooses to enter. To familiarize you with some potential
opportunities, Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education
examines many of these career options. In addition to covering an assortment of possible career
opportunities, we address some of the educational and experiential certifications that are available. Why
do you think accountants (and doctors) need to be certified and secure continuing education? In your
response, defend your position with examples.
In addition to doctors and accountants, what other professions can you think of that might require a
significant investment of time and effort in order to develop an expertise?
A traditional adage states that “accounting is the language of business.” While that is true, you can also say
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significant investment of time and effort in order to develop an expertise?
A traditional adage states that “accounting is the language of business.” While that is true, you can also say
that “accounting is the language of life.” At some point, most people will make a decision that relies on
accounting information. For example, you may have to decide whether it is better to lease or buy a vehicle.
Likewise, a college graduate may have to decide whether it is better to take a higher-paying job in a bigger city
(where the cost of living is also higher) or a job in a smaller community where both the pay and cost of living
may be lower.
In a professional setting, a theater manager may want to know if the most recent play was profitable. Similarly,
the owner of the local plumbing business may want to know whether it is worthwhile to pay an employee to be
“on call” for emergencies during off-hours and weekends. Whether personal or professional, accounting
|
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“on call” for emergencies during off-hours and weekends. Whether personal or professional, accounting
information plays a vital role in all of these decisions.
You may have noticed that the decisions in these scenarios would be based on factors that include both
financial and nonfinancial information. For instance, when deciding whether to lease or buy a vehicle, you
would consider not only the monthly payments but also such factors as vehicle maintenance and reliability.
The college graduate considering two job offers might weigh factors such as working hours, ease of
commuting, and options for shopping and entertainment. The theater manager would analyze the proceeds
from ticket sales and sponsorships as well as the expenses for production of the play and operating the
concessions. In addition, the theater manager should consider how the financial performance of the play
might have been influenced by the marketing of the play, the weather during the performances, and other
|
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might have been influenced by the marketing of the play, the weather during the performances, and other
factors such as competing events during the time of the play. All of these factors, both financial and
nonfinancial, are relevant to the financial performance of the play. In addition to the additional cost of having
an employee “on call” during evenings and weekends, the owner of the local plumbing business would
consider nonfinancial factors in the decision. For instance, if there are no other plumbing businesses that offer
services during evenings and weekends, offering emergency service might give the business a strategic
advantage that could increase overall sales by attracting new customers.
This course explores the role that accounting plays in society. You will learn about financial accounting, which
measures the financial performance of an organization using standard conventions to prepare and distribute
|
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measures the financial performance of an organization using standard conventions to prepare and distribute
financial reports. Financial accounting is used to generate information for stakeholders outside of an
organization, such as owners, stockholders, lenders, and governmental entities such as the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
14
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
Financial accounting is also a foundation for understanding managerial accounting, which uses both
financial and nonfinancial information as a basis for making decisions within an organization with the purpose
of equipping decision makers to set and evaluate business goals by determining what information they need
to make a particular decision and how to analyze and communicate this information. Managerial accounting
information tends to be used internally, for such purposes as budgeting, pricing, and determining production
|
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information tends to be used internally, for such purposes as budgeting, pricing, and determining production
costs. Since the information is generally used internally, you do not see the same need for financial oversight
in an organization’s managerial data.
You will also note in your financial accounting studies that there are governmental and organizational entities
that oversee the accounting processes and systems that are used in financial accounting. These entities
include organizations such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), and the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB was created after several major cases of corporate
fraud, leading to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, known as SOX. If you choose to pursue more advanced
accounting courses, especially auditing courses, you will address the SOX in much greater detail.
|
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accounting courses, especially auditing courses, you will address the SOX in much greater detail.
For now, it is not necessary to go into greater detail about the mechanics of these organizations or other
accounting and financial legislation. You just need to have a basic understanding that they function to provide
a degree of protection for those outside of the organization who rely on the financial information.
Whether or not you aspire to become an accountant, understanding financial and managerial accounting is
valuable and necessary for practically any career you will pursue. Management of a car manufacturer, for
example, would use both financial and managerial accounting information to help improve the business.
Financial accounting information is valuable as it measures whether or not the company was financially
successful. Knowing this provides management with an opportunity to repeat activities that have proven
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successful. Knowing this provides management with an opportunity to repeat activities that have proven
effective and to make adjustments in areas in which the company has underperformed. Managerial
accounting information is likewise valuable. Managers of the car manufacturer may want to know, for
example, how much scrap is generated from a particular area in the manufacturing process. While identifying
and improving the manufacturing process (i.e., reducing scrap) helps the company financially, it may also help
other areas of the production process that are indirectly related, such as poor quality and shipping delays.
1.2
Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply
Information
The ultimate goal of accounting is to provide information that is useful for decision-making. Users of
accounting information are generally divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal users are
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accounting information are generally divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal users are
those within an organization who use financial information to make day-to-day decisions. Internal users
include managers and other employees who use financial information to confirm past results and help make
adjustments for future activities.
External users are those outside of the organization who use the financial information to make decisions or to
evaluate an entity’s performance. For example, investors, financial analysts, loan officers, governmental
auditors, such as IRS agents, and an assortment of other stakeholders are classified as external users, while
still having an interest in an organization’s financial information. (Stakeholders are addressed in greater detail
in Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders.)
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
15
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in Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders.)
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
15
Characteristics, Users, and Sources of Financial Accounting Information
Organizations measure financial performance in monetary terms. In the United States, the dollar is used as
the standard measurement basis. Measuring financial performance in monetary terms allows managers to
compare the organization’s performance to previous periods, to expectations, and to other organizations or
industry standards.
Financial accounting is one of the broad categories in the study of accounting. While some industries and
types of organizations have variations in how the financial information is prepared and communicated,
accountants generally use the same methodologies—called accounting standards—to prepare the financial
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accountants generally use the same methodologies—called accounting standards—to prepare the financial
information. You learn in Introduction to Financial Statements that financial information is primarily
communicated through financial statements, which include the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s
Equity, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows and Disclosures. These financial statements ensure the
information is consistent from period to period and generally comparable between organizations. The
conventions also ensure that the information provided is both reliable and relevant to the user.
Virtually every activity and event that occurs in a business has an associated cost or value and is known as a
transaction. Part of an accountant’s responsibility is to quantify these activities and events. In this course you
will learn about the many types of transactions that occur within a business. You will also examine the effects
|
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will learn about the many types of transactions that occur within a business. You will also examine the effects
of these transactions, including their impact on the financial position of the entity.
Accountants often use computerized accounting systems to record and summarize the financial reports, which
offer many benefits. The primary benefit of a computerized accounting system is the efficiency by which
transactions can be recorded and summarized, and financial reports prepared. In addition, computerized
accounting systems store data, which allows organizations to easily extract historical financial information.
Common computerized accounting systems include QuickBooks, which is designed for small organizations,
and SAP, which is designed for large and/or multinational organizations. QuickBooks is popular with smaller,
less complex entities. It is less expensive than more sophisticated software packages, such as Oracle or SAP,
|
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less complex entities. It is less expensive than more sophisticated software packages, such as Oracle or SAP,
and the QuickBooks skills that accountants developed at previous employers tend to be applicable to the
needs of new employers, which can reduce both training time and costs spent on acclimating new employees
to an employer’s software system. Also, being familiar with a common software package such as QuickBooks
helps provide employment mobility when workers wish to reenter the job market.
While QuickBooks has many advantages, once a company’s operations reach a certain level of complexity, it
will need a basic software package or platform, such as Oracle or SAP, which is then customized to meet the
unique informational needs of the entity.
Financial accounting information is mostly historical in nature, although companies and other entities also
incorporate estimates into their accounting processes. For example, you will learn how to use estimates to
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incorporate estimates into their accounting processes. For example, you will learn how to use estimates to
determine bad debt expenses or depreciation expenses for assets that will be used over a multiyear lifetime.
That is, accountants prepare financial reports that summarize what has already occurred in an organization.
This information provides what is called feedback value. The benefit of reporting what has already occurred is
the reliability of the information. Accountants can, with a fair amount of confidence, accurately report the
financial performance of the organization related to past activities. The feedback value offered by the
accounting information is particularly useful to internal users. That is, reviewing how the organization
performed in the past can help managers and other employees make better decisions about and adjustments
to future activities.
Financial information has limitations, however, as a predictive tool. Business involves a large amount of
16
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to future activities.
Financial information has limitations, however, as a predictive tool. Business involves a large amount of
16
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
uncertainty, and accountants cannot predict how the organization will perform in the future. However, by
observing historical financial information, users of the information can detect patterns or trends that may be
useful for estimating the company’s future financial performance. Collecting and analyzing a series of
historical financial data is useful to both internal and external users. For example, internal users can use
financial information as a predictive tool to assess whether the long-term financial performance of the
organization aligns with its long-term strategic goals.
External users also use the historical pattern of an organization’s financial performance as a predictive tool.
For example, when deciding whether to loan money to an organization, a bank may require a certain number
|
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For example, when deciding whether to loan money to an organization, a bank may require a certain number
of years of financial statements and other financial information from the organization. The bank will assess the
historical performance in order to make an informed decision about the organization’s ability to repay the
loan and interest (the cost of borrowing money). Similarly, a potential investor may look at a business’s past
financial performance in order to assess whether or not to invest money in the company. In this scenario, the
investor wants to know if the organization will provide a sufficient and consistent return on the investment. In
these scenarios, the financial information provides value to the process of allocating scarce resources (money).
If potential lenders and investors determine the organization is a worthwhile investment, money will be
provided, and, if all goes well, those funds will be used by the organization to generate additional value at a
|
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provided, and, if all goes well, those funds will be used by the organization to generate additional value at a
rate greater than the alternate uses of the money.
Characteristics, Users, and Sources of Managerial Accounting Information
As you’ve learned, managerial accounting information is different from financial accounting information in
several respects. Accountants use formal accounting standards in financial accounting. These accounting
standards are referred to as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and are the common set of
rules, standards, and procedures that publicly traded companies must follow when composing their financial
statements. The previously mentioned Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), an independent,
nonprofit organization that sets financial accounting and reporting standards for both public and private
sector businesses in the United States, uses the GAAP guidelines as its foundation for its system of accepted
|
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sector businesses in the United States, uses the GAAP guidelines as its foundation for its system of accepted
accounting methods and practices, reports, and other documents.
Since most managerial accounting activities are conducted for internal uses and applications, managerial
accounting is not prepared using a comprehensive, prescribed set of conventions similar to those required by
financial accounting. This is because managerial accountants provide managerial accounting information that
is intended to serve the needs of internal, rather than external, users. In fact, managerial accounting
information is rarely shared with those outside of the organization. Since the information often includes
strategic or competitive decisions, managerial accounting information is often closely protected. The business
environment is constantly changing, and managers and decision makers within organizations need a variety of
|
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environment is constantly changing, and managers and decision makers within organizations need a variety of
information in order to view or assess issues from multiple perspectives.
Accountants must be adaptable and flexible in their ability to generate the necessary information
management decision-making. For example, information derived from a computerized accounting system is
often the starting point for obtaining managerial accounting information. But accountants must also be able
to extract information from other sources (internal and external) and analyze the data using mathematical,
formula-driven software (such as Microsoft Excel).
Management accounting information as a term encompasses many activities within an organization.
Preparing a budget, for example, allows an organization to estimate the financial performance for the
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
17
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
17
upcoming year or years and plan for adjustments to scale operations according to the projections.
Accountants often lead the budgeting process by gathering information from internal (estimates from the
sales and engineering departments, for example) and external (trade groups and economic forecasts, for
example) sources. These data are then compiled and presented to decision makers within the organization.
Examples of other decisions that require management accounting information include whether an
organization should repair or replace equipment, make products internally or purchase the items from outside
vendors, and hire additional workers or use automation.
As you have learned, management accounting information uses both financial and nonfinancial information.
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vendors, and hire additional workers or use automation.
As you have learned, management accounting information uses both financial and nonfinancial information.
This is important because there are situations in which a purely financial analysis might lead to one decision,
while considering nonfinancial information might lead to a different decision. For example, suppose a financial
analysis indicates that a particular product is unprofitable and should no longer be offered by a company. If
the company fails to consider that customers also purchase a complementary good (you might recall that term
from your study of economics), the company may be making the wrong decision. For example, assume that
you have a company that produces and sells both computer printers and the replacement ink cartridges. If the
company decided to eliminate the printers, then it would also lose the cartridge sales. In the past, in some
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company decided to eliminate the printers, then it would also lose the cartridge sales. In the past, in some
cases, the elimination of one component, such as printers, led to customers switching to a different producer
for its computers and other peripheral hardware. In the end, an organization needs to consider both the
financial and nonfinancial aspects of a decision, and sometimes the effects are not intuitively obvious at the
time of the decision. Figure 1.3 offers an overview of some of the differences between financial and
managerial accounting.
18
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
Figure 1.3
Comparing Reports between Financial and Managerial Accounting. (attribution: Copyright Rice
University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in
Identifying, Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities
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University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license)
1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in
Identifying, Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities
We can classify organizations into three categories: for profit, governmental, and not for profit. These
organizations are similar in several aspects. For example, each of these organizations has inflows and outflows
of cash and other resources, such as equipment, furniture, and land, that must be managed. In addition, all of
these organizations are formed for a specific purpose or mission and want to use the available resources in an
efficient manner—the organizations strive to be good stewards, with the underlying premise of being
profitable. Finally, each of the organizations makes a unique and valuable contribution to society. Given the
similarities, it is clear that all of these organizations have a need for accounting information and for
accountants to provide that information.
|
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similarities, it is clear that all of these organizations have a need for accounting information and for
accountants to provide that information.
There are also several differences. The main difference that distinguishes these organizations is the primary
purpose or mission of the organization, discussed in the following sections.
For-Profit Businesses
As the name implies, the primary purpose or mission of a for-profit business is to earn a profit by selling
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
19
goods and services. There are many reasons why a for-profit business seeks to earn a profit. The profits
generated by these organizations might be used to create value for employees in the form of pay raises for
existing employees as well as hiring additional workers. In addition, profits can be reinvested in the business
|
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existing employees as well as hiring additional workers. In addition, profits can be reinvested in the business
to create value in the form of research and development, equipment upgrades, facilities expansions, and many
other activities that make the business more competitive. Many companies also engage in charitable activities,
such as donating money, donating products, or allowing employees to volunteer in the communities. Finally,
profits can also be shared with employees in the form of either bonuses or commissions as well as with
owners of the business as a reward for the owners’ investment in the business. These issues, along with
others, and the associated accounting conventions will be explored throughout this course.
In for-profit businesses, accounting information is used to measure the financial performance of the
organization and to help ensure that resources are being used efficiently. Efficiently using existing resources
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organization and to help ensure that resources are being used efficiently. Efficiently using existing resources
allows the businesses to improve quality of the products and services offered, remain competitive in the
marketplace, expand when appropriate, and ensure longevity of the business.
For-profit businesses can be further categorized by the types of products or services the business provides.
Let’s examine three types of for-profit businesses: manufacturing, retail (or merchandising), and service.
Manufacturing Businesses
A manufacturing business is a for-profit business that is designed to make a specific product or products.
Manufacturers specialize in procuring components in the most basic form (often called direct or raw materials)
and transforming the components into a finished product that is often drastically different from the original
components.
As you think about the products you use every day, you are probably already familiar with products made by
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components.
As you think about the products you use every day, you are probably already familiar with products made by
manufacturing firms. Examples of products made by manufacturing firms include automobiles, clothes, cell
phones, computers, and many other products that are used every day by millions of consumers.
In Job Order Costing (http://cnx.org/content/m68122/latest/) , you will examine the process of job costing,
learning how manufacturing firms transform basic components into finished, sellable products and the
techniques accountants use to record the costs associated with these activities.
C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E
Manufacturing
Think about the items you have used today. Make a list of the products that were created by
manufacturing firms. How many can you think of? Think of the many components that went into some of
the items you use. Do you think the items were made by machines or by hand?
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manufacturing firms. How many can you think of? Think of the many components that went into some of
the items you use. Do you think the items were made by machines or by hand?
If you are in a classroom with other students, see who has used the greatest number of items today. Or,
see who used the item that would be the most complex to manufacture.
If you are able, you might consider arranging a tour of a local manufacturer. Many manufacturers are
happy to give tours of the facilities and describe the many complex processes that are involved in making
the products. On your tour, take note of the many job functions that are required to make those
20
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
items—from ordering the materials to delivering to the customer.
Retail Businesses
Manufacturing businesses and retail (or merchandising) businesses are similar in that both are for-profit
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items—from ordering the materials to delivering to the customer.
Retail Businesses
Manufacturing businesses and retail (or merchandising) businesses are similar in that both are for-profit
businesses that sell products to consumers. In the case of manufacturing firms, by adding direct labor,
manufacturing overhead (such as utilities, rent, and depreciation), and other direct materials, raw components
are converted into a finished product that is sold to consumers. A retail business (or merchandising
business), on the other hand, is a for-profit business that purchases products (called inventory) and then
resells the products without altering them—that is, the products are sold directly to the consumer in the same
condition (production state) as purchased.
Examples of retail firms are plentiful. Automobile dealerships, clothes, cell phones, and computers are all
examples of everyday products that are purchased and sold by retail firms. What distinguishes a
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examples of everyday products that are purchased and sold by retail firms. What distinguishes a
manufacturing firm from a retail firm is that in a retail firm, the products are sold in the same condition as
when the products were purchased—no further alterations were made on the products.
Did you happen to notice that the product examples listed in the preceding paragraph (automobiles, clothes,
cell phones, and computers) for manufacturing firms and retail firms are identical? If so, congratulations,
because you are paying close attention to the details. These products are used as examples in two different
contexts—that is, manufacturing firms make these products, and retail firms sell these products. These
products are relevant to both manufacturing and retail because they are examples of goods that are both
manufactured and sold directly to the consumer. While there are instances when a manufacturing firm also
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manufactured and sold directly to the consumer. While there are instances when a manufacturing firm also
serves as the retail firm (Dell computers, for example), it is often the case that products will be manufactured
and sold by separate firms.
C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E
NIKEiD
NIKEiD is a program that allows consumers to design and purchase customized equipment, clothes, and
shoes. In 2007, Nike opened its first NIKEiD studio at Niketown in New York City.[1] Since its debut in 1999,
the NIKEiD concept has flourished, and Nike has partnered with professional athletes to showcase their
designs that, along with featured consumer designs, are available for purchase on the NIKEiD website.
1 Nike. “Nike Opens New NIKEiD Studio in New York.” October 4, 2007. https://news.nike.com/news/nike-opens-new-nikeid-studio-in-new-
york
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
21
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
21
Figure 1.4 NIKEiD Launch Store in Shanghai. (credit: “Nike-id-shanghai-launch” by
“All.watson”/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)
Assume you are the manager of a sporting goods store that sells Nike shoes. Think about the concept of
NIKEiD, and consider the impact that this concept might have on your store sales. Would this positively
or negatively impact the sale of Nike shoes in your store? What are steps you could take to leverage the
NIKEiD concept to help increase your own store’s sales?
Considerations like this are examples of what marketing professionals would address. Nike wants to
ensure this concept does not negatively impact the existing relationships it has, and Nike works to
ensure this program is also beneficial to its existing distribution partners.
|
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ensure this concept does not negatively impact the existing relationships it has, and Nike works to
ensure this program is also beneficial to its existing distribution partners.
In Merchandising Transactions you will learn about merchandising transactions, which include concepts and
specific accounting practices for retail firms. You will learn, among other things, how to account for purchasing
products from suppliers, selling the products to customers, and prepare the financial reports for retail firms.
Service Businesses
As the term implies, service businesses are businesses that provide services to customers. A major difference
between manufacturing and retail firms and service firms is that service firms do not have a tangible product
that is sold to customers. Instead, a service business does not sell tangible products to customers but rather
provides intangible benefits (services) to customers. A service business can be either a for-profit or a not-for-
|
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provides intangible benefits (services) to customers. A service business can be either a for-profit or a not-for-
profit business. Figure 1.5 illustrates the distinction between manufacturing, retail, and service businesses.
Examples of service-oriented businesses include hotels, cab services, entertainment, and tax preparers.
Efficiency is one advantage service businesses offer to their customers. For example, while taxpayers can
certainly read the tax code, read the instructions, and complete the forms necessary to file their annual tax
returns, many choose to take their tax returns to a person who has specialized training and experience with
22
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
preparing tax returns. Although it is more expensive to do so, many feel it is a worthwhile investment because
the tax professional has invested the time and has the knowledge to prepare the forms properly and in a
|
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the tax professional has invested the time and has the knowledge to prepare the forms properly and in a
timely manner. Hiring a tax preparer is efficient for the taxpayer because it allows the taxpayer to file the
required forms without having to invest numerous hours researching and preparing the forms.
The accounting conventions for service businesses are similar to the accounting conventions for
manufacturing and retail businesses. In fact, the accounting for service businesses is easier in one respect.
Because service businesses do not sell tangible products, there is no need to account for products that are
being held for sale (inventory). Therefore, while we briefly discuss service businesses, we’ll focus mostly on
accounting for manufacturing and retail businesses.
Figure 1.5 Manufacturing, Retail, and Service. An auto manufacturing plant, a car sales lot, and a taxi
represent three types of businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service. (credit left: modification of
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represent three types of businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service. (credit left: modification of
“Maquiladora” by “Guldhammer”/Wikimedia Commons, CC0; credit center: modification of “Mercedes Benz
Parked” by unknown/Pixabay, CC0; credit right: modification of “Taxi Overtaking Bus” by “Kai Pilger”/Pixabay,
CC0)
Y O U R T U R N
Categorizing Restaurants
So far, you’ve learned about three types of for-profit businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service.
Previously, you saw how some firms such as Dell serve as both manufacturer and retailer.
Now, think of the last restaurant where you ate. Of the three business types (manufacturer, retailer, or
service provider), how would you categorize the restaurant? Is it a manufacturer? A retailer? A service
provider? Can you think of examples of how a restaurant has characteristics of all three types of
businesses?
Solution
Answers will vary. Responses may initially consider a restaurant to be only a service provider. Students
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businesses?
Solution
Answers will vary. Responses may initially consider a restaurant to be only a service provider. Students
may also recognize that a restaurant possesses aspects of a manufacturer (by preparing the meals),
retailer (by selling merchandise and/or gift cards), and service provider (by waiting on customers).
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
23
Governmental Entities
A governmental entity provides services to the general public (taxpayers). Governmental agencies exist at
the federal, state, and local levels. These entities are funded through the issuance of taxes and other fees.
Accountants working in governmental entities perform the same function as accountants working at for-profit
businesses. Accountants help to serve the public interest by providing to the public an accounting for the
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businesses. Accountants help to serve the public interest by providing to the public an accounting for the
receipts and disbursements of taxpayer dollars. Governmental leaders are accountable to taxpayers, and
accountants help assure the public that tax dollars are being utilized in an efficient manner.
Examples of governmental entities that require financial reporting include federal agencies such as the Social
Security Administration, state agencies such as the Department of Transportation, and local agencies such as
county engineers.
Students continuing their study of accounting may take a specific course or courses related to governmental
accounting. While the specific accounting used in governmental entities differs from traditional accounting
conventions, the goal of providing accurate and unbiased financial information useful for decision-making
remains the same, regardless of the type of entity. Government accounting standards are governed by the
|
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remains the same, regardless of the type of entity. Government accounting standards are governed by the
Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). This organization creates standards that are specifically
appropriate for state and local governments in the United States.
Not-for-Profit Entities
To be fair, the name “not-for-profit” can be somewhat confusing. As with “for-profit” entities, the name refers
to the primary purpose or mission of the organization. In the case of for-profit organizations, the primary
purpose is to generate a profit. The profits, then, can be used to sustain and improve the business through
investments in employees, research, and development, and other measures intended to help ensure the long-
term success of the business.
But in the case of a nonprofit (not-for-profit) organization the primary purpose or mission is to serve a
particular interest or need in the community. A not-for-profit entity tends to depend on financial longevity
|
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particular interest or need in the community. A not-for-profit entity tends to depend on financial longevity
based on donations, grants, and revenues generated. It may be helpful to think of not-for-profit entities as
“mission-based” entities. It is important to note that not-for-profit entities, while having a primary purpose of
serving a particular interest, also have a need for financial sustainability. An adage in the not-for-profit sector
states that “being a not-for-profit organization does not mean it is for-loss.” That is, not-for-profit entities
must also ensure that resources are used efficiently, allowing for inflows of resources to be greater than (or, at
a minimum, equal to) outflows of resources. This allows the organization to continue and perhaps expand its
valuable mission.
Examples of not-for-profit entities are numerous. Food banks have as a primary purpose the collection,
|
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valuable mission.
Examples of not-for-profit entities are numerous. Food banks have as a primary purpose the collection,
storage, and distribution of food to those in need. Charitable foundations have as a primary purpose the
provision of funding to local agencies that support specific community needs, such as reading and after-school
programs. Many colleges and universities are structured as not-for-profit entities because the primary
purpose is to provide education and research opportunities.
Similar to accounting for governmental entities, students continuing their study of accounting may take a
specific course or courses related to not-for-profit accounting. While the specific accounting used in not-for-
profit entities differs slightly from traditional accounting conventions, the goal of providing reliable and
unbiased financial information useful for decision-making is vitally important. Some of the governmental and
|
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unbiased financial information useful for decision-making is vitally important. Some of the governmental and
regulatory entities involved in maintaining the rules and principles in accounting are discussed in Explain Why
24
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders.
Y O U R T U R N
Types of Organizations
Think of the various organizations discussed so far. Now try to identify people in your personal and
professional network who work for these types of agencies. Can you think of someone in a career at each
of these types of organizations?
One way to explore career paths is to talk with professionals who work in the areas that interest you. You
may consider reaching out to the individuals you identified and learning more about the work that they
do. Find out about the positive and negative aspects of the work. Find out what advice they have relating
|
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do. Find out about the positive and negative aspects of the work. Find out what advice they have relating
to education. Try to gain as much information as you can to determine whether that is a career you can
envision yourself pursuing. Also, ask about opportunities for job shadowing, co-ops, or internships
Solution
Answers will vary, but this should be an opportunity to learn about careers in a variety of organizations
(for-profit including manufacturing, retail, and services; not-for-profit; and governmental agencies). You
may have an assumption about a career that is based only on the positive aspects. Learning from
experienced professionals may help you understand all aspects of the careers. In addition, this exercise
may help you confirm or alter your potential career path, including the preparation required (based on
advice given from those you talk with).
1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders
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advice given from those you talk with).
1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders
The number of decisions we make in a single day is staggering. For example, think about what you had for
breakfast this morning. What pieces of information factored into that decision? A short list might include the
foods that were available in your home, the amount of time you had to prepare and eat the food, and what
sounded good to eat this morning. Let’s say you do not have much food in your home right now because you
are overdue on a trip to the grocery store. Deciding to grab something at a local restaurant involves an entirely
new set of choices. Can you think of some of the factors that might influence the decision to grab a meal at a
local restaurant?
Y O U R T U R N
Daily Decisions
Many academic studies have been conducted on the topic of consumer behavior and decision-making. It
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local restaurant?
Y O U R T U R N
Daily Decisions
Many academic studies have been conducted on the topic of consumer behavior and decision-making. It
is a fascinating topic of study that attempts to learn what type of advertising works best, the best place
to locate a business, and many other business-related activities.
One such study, conducted by researchers at Cornell University, concluded that people make more than
200 food-related decisions per day.[2]
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
25
This is astonishing considering the number of decisions found in this particular study related only to
decisions involving food. Imagine how many day-to-day decisions involve other issues that are important
to us, such as what to wear and how to get from point A to point B. For this exercise, provide and discuss
some of the food-related decisions that you recently made.
Solution
|
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to us, such as what to wear and how to get from point A to point B. For this exercise, provide and discuss
some of the food-related decisions that you recently made.
Solution
In consideration of food-related decisions, there are many options you can consider. For example, what
types, in terms of ethnic groups or styles, do you prefer? Do you want a dining experience or just
something inexpensive and quick? Do you have allergy-related food issues? These are just a few of the
myriad potential decisions you might make.
It is no different when it comes to financial decisions. Decision makers rely on unbiased, relevant, and timely
financial information in order to make sound decisions. In this context, the term stakeholder refers to a
person or group who relies on financial information to make decisions, since they often have an interest in the
economic viability of an organization or business. Stakeholders may be stockholders, creditors, governmental
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economic viability of an organization or business. Stakeholders may be stockholders, creditors, governmental
and regulatory agencies, customers, management and other employees, and various other parties and
entities.
Stockholders
A stockholder is an owner of stock in a business. Owners are called stockholders because in exchange for
cash, they are given an ownership interest in the business, called stock. Stock is sometimes referred to as
“shares.” Historically, stockholders received paper certificates reflecting the number of stocks owned in the
business. Now, many stock transactions are recorded electronically. Introduction to Financial Statements
discusses stock in more detail. Corporation Accounting offers a more extensive exploration of the types of
stock as well as the accounting related to stock transactions.
Recall that organizations can be classified as for-profit, governmental, or not-for-profit entities. Stockholders
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stock as well as the accounting related to stock transactions.
Recall that organizations can be classified as for-profit, governmental, or not-for-profit entities. Stockholders
are associated with for-profit businesses. While governmental and not-for-profit entities have constituents,
there is no direct ownership associated with these entities.
For-profit businesses are organized into three categories: manufacturing, retail (or merchandising), and
service. Another way to categorize for-profit businesses is based on the availability of the company stock (see
Table 1.1). A publicly traded company is one whose stock is traded (bought and sold) on an organized stock
exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the National Association of Securities Dealers
Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) system. Most large, recognizable companies are publicly traded, meaning the
stock is available for sale on these exchanges. A privately held company, in contrast, is one whose stock is
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stock is available for sale on these exchanges. A privately held company, in contrast, is one whose stock is
not available to the general public. Privately held companies, while accounting for the largest number of
businesses and employment in the United States, are often smaller (based on value) than publicly traded
companies. Whereas financial information and company stock of publicly traded companies are available to
those inside and outside of the organization, financial information and company stock of privately held
companies are often limited exclusively to employees at a certain level within the organization as a part of
compensation and incentive packages or selectively to individuals or groups (such as banks or other lenders)
outside the organization.
2
B. Wansink and J. Sobal. “Mindless Eating: The 200 Daily Food Decisions We Overlook.” 2007. Environment & Behavior, 39[1], 106–123.
26
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
|
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] |
2
B. Wansink and J. Sobal. “Mindless Eating: The 200 Daily Food Decisions We Overlook.” 2007. Environment & Behavior, 39[1], 106–123.
26
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
Publicly Held versus Privately Held Companies
Publicly Held Company
Privately Held Company
• Stock available to general public
• Stock not available to general public
• Financial information public
• Financial information private
• Typically larger in value
• Typically smaller in value
Table 1.1
Whether the stock is owned by a publicly traded or privately held company, owners use financial information
to make decisions. Owners use the financial information to assess the financial performance of the business
and make decisions such as whether or not to purchase additional stock, sell existing stock, or maintain the
current level of stock ownership.
Other decisions stockholders make may be influenced by the type of company. For example, stockholders of
|
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current level of stock ownership.
Other decisions stockholders make may be influenced by the type of company. For example, stockholders of
privately held companies often are also employees of the company, and the decisions they make may be
related to day-to-day activities as well as longer-term strategic decisions. Owners of publicly traded
companies, on the other hand, will usually only focus on strategic issues such as the company leadership,
purchases of other businesses, and executive compensation arrangements. In essence, stockholders
predominantly focus on profitability, expected increase in stock value, and corporate stability.
Creditors and Lenders
In order to provide goods and services to their customers, businesses make purchases from other businesses.
These purchases come in the form of materials used to make finished goods or resell, office equipment such
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These purchases come in the form of materials used to make finished goods or resell, office equipment such
as copiers and telephones, utility services such as heating and cooling, and many other products and services
that are vital to run the business efficiently and effectively.
It is rare that payment is required at the time of the purchase or when the service is provided. Instead,
businesses usually extend “credit” to other businesses. Selling and purchasing on credit, which is explored
further in Merchandising Transactions and Accounting for Receivables, means the payment is expected after a
certain period of time following receipt of the goods or provision of the service. The term creditor refers to a
business that grants extended payment terms to other businesses. The time frame for extended credit to
other businesses for purchases of goods and services is usually very short, typically thirty-day to forty-five-day
periods are common.
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other businesses for purchases of goods and services is usually very short, typically thirty-day to forty-five-day
periods are common.
When businesses need to borrow larger amounts of money and/or for longer periods of time, they will often
borrow money from a lender, a bank or other institution that has the primary purpose of lending money with
a specified repayment period and stated interest rate. If you or your family own a home, you may already be
familiar with lending institutions. The time frame for borrowing from lenders is typically measured in years
rather than days, as was the case with creditors. While lending arrangements vary, typically the borrower is
required to make periodic, scheduled payments with the full amount being repaid by a certain date. In
addition, since the borrowing is for a long period of time, lending institutions require the borrower to pay a fee
|
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addition, since the borrowing is for a long period of time, lending institutions require the borrower to pay a fee
(called interest) for the use of borrowing. These concepts and the related accounting practices are covered in
Long-Term Liabilities. Table 1.2 Summarizes the differences between creditors and lenders.
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4
Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
27
Creditor versus Lender
Creditor
Lender
• Business that grants extended payment terms to other
• Bank or other institution that lends
businesses
• Shorter time frame
Table 1.2
money
• Longer time frame
Both creditors and lenders use financial information to make decisions. The ultimate decision that both
creditors and lenders have to make is whether or not the funds will be repaid by the borrower. The reason this
is important is because lending money involves risk. The type of risk creditors and lenders assess is repayment
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