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Volume 1 Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS MITCHELL FRANKLIN, LE MOYNE COLLEGE (FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING) PATTY GRAYBEAL, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN-DEARBORN (MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING) DIXON COOPER, OUACHITA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website.
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Ann and John Doerr Michelson 20MM Foundation Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation National Science Foundation Girard Foundation Google Inc. The Open Society Foundations Jumee Yhu and David E. Park III The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Brian D. Patterson USA-International Foundation Rusty and John Jaggers The Bill and Stephanie Sick Fund The Calvin K. Kazanjian Economics Foundation Robin and Sandy Stuart Foundation Charles Koch Foundation The Stuart Family Foundation Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Inc. Tammy and Guillermo Treviño Study where you want, what you want, when you want. When you access College Success in our web view, you can use our new online highlighting and note-taking features to create your own study guides. Our books are free and flexible, forever. Get started at openstax.org/details/books/principles-financial-accounting Access. The future of education. openstax.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1
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Our books are free and flexible, forever. Get started at openstax.org/details/books/principles-financial-accounting Access. The future of education. openstax.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 1 Role of Accounting in Society 11 1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial and Managerial Accounting 12 1.2 Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply Information 1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying, 14 Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities 18 1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders 1.5 Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education 24 32 2 Introduction to Financial Statements 61 2.1 Describe the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows, and How They Interrelate 62 2.2 Define, Explain, and Provide Examples of Current and Noncurrent Assets, Current and
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Statement of Cash Flows, and How They Interrelate 62 2.2 Define, Explain, and Provide Examples of Current and Noncurrent Assets, Current and Noncurrent Liabilities, Equity, Revenues, and Expenses 77 2.3 Prepare an Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, and Balance Sheet 81 3 Analyzing and Recording Transactions 115 3.1 Describe Principles, Assumptions, and Concepts of Accounting and Their Relationship to Financial Statements 116 3.2 Define and Describe the Expanded Accounting Equation and Its Relationship to Analyzing Transactions 124 3.3 Define and Describe the Initial Steps in the Accounting Cycle 3.4 Analyze Business Transactions Using the Accounting Equation and Show the Impact of 130 Business Transactions on Financial Statements 135 3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts 3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance 165 140 4 The Adjustment Process 211
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130 Business Transactions on Financial Statements 135 3.5 Use Journal Entries to Record Transactions and Post to T-Accounts 3.6 Prepare a Trial Balance 165 140 4 The Adjustment Process 211 4.1 Explain the Concepts and Guidelines Affecting Adjusting Entries 4.2 Discuss the Adjustment Process and Illustrate Common Types of Adjusting Entries 4.3 Record and Post the Common Types of Adjusting Entries 4.4 Use the Ledger Balances to Prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance 4.5 Prepare Financial Statements Using the Adjusted Trial Balance 236 239 212 227 215 5 Completing the Accounting Cycle 285 5.1 Describe and Prepare Closing Entries for a Business 5.2 Prepare a Post-Closing Trial Balance 298 286 5.3 Apply the Results from the Adjusted Trial Balance to Compute Current Ratio and Working Capital Balance, and Explain How These Measures Represent Liquidity 5.4 Appendix: Complete a Comprehensive Accounting Cycle for a Business 300 313 6 Merchandising Transactions 365
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Capital Balance, and Explain How These Measures Represent Liquidity 5.4 Appendix: Complete a Comprehensive Accounting Cycle for a Business 300 313 6 Merchandising Transactions 365 6.1 Compare and Contrast Merchandising versus Service Activities and Transactions 6.2 Compare and Contrast Perpetual versus Periodic Inventory Systems 6.3 Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases Using the Perpetual Inventory 378 366 System 386 6.4 Analyze and Record Transactions for the Sale of Merchandise Using the Perpetual Inventory System 392 6.5 Discuss and Record Transactions Applying the Two Commonly Used Freight-In Methods 400 6.6 Describe and Prepare Multi-Step and Simple Income Statements for Merchandising Companies 404 6.7 Appendix: Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases and Sales Using the Periodic Inventory System 408 7 Accounting Information Systems 451
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Companies 404 6.7 Appendix: Analyze and Record Transactions for Merchandise Purchases and Sales Using the Periodic Inventory System 408 7 Accounting Information Systems 451 7.1 Define and Describe the Components of an Accounting Information System 452 7.2 Describe and Explain the Purpose of Special Journals and Their Importance to Stakeholders 466 7.3 Analyze and Journalize Transactions Using Special Journals 7.4 Prepare a Subsidiary Ledger 7.5 Describe Career Paths Open to Individuals with a Joint Education in Accounting and 487 476 Information Systems 494 8 Fraud, Internal Controls, and Cash 531 8.1 Analyze Fraud in the Accounting Workplace 8.2 Define and Explain Internal Controls and Their Purpose within an Organization 8.3 Describe Internal Controls within an Organization 8.4 Define the Purpose and Use of a Petty Cash Fund, and Prepare Petty Cash Journal 532 542 535 Entries 547
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532 542 535 Entries 547 8.5 Discuss Management Responsibilities for Maintaining Internal Controls within an Organization 551 8.6 Define the Purpose of a Bank Reconciliation, and Prepare a Bank Reconciliation and Its Associated Journal Entries 552 8.7 Describe Fraud in Financial Statements and Sarbanes-Oxley Act Requirements 555 9 Accounting for Receivables 577 9.1 Explain the Revenue Recognition Principle and How It Relates to Current and Future Sales and Purchase Transactions 578 9.2 Account for Uncollectible Accounts Using the Balance Sheet and Income Statement Approaches 584
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and Purchase Transactions 578 9.2 Account for Uncollectible Accounts Using the Balance Sheet and Income Statement Approaches 584 This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 9.3 Determine the Efficiency of Receivables Management Using Financial Ratios 9.4 Discuss the Role of Accounting for Receivables in Earnings Management 9.5 Apply Revenue Recognition Principles to Long-Term Projects 9.6 Explain How Notes Receivable and Accounts Receivable Differ 9.7 Appendix: Comprehensive Example of Bad Debt Estimation 606 603 612 599 594 10 Inventory 647 10.1 Describe and Demonstrate the Basic Inventory Valuation Methods and Their Cost Flow Assumptions 648 10.2 Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold and Ending Inventory Using the Periodic Method 10.3 Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold and Ending Inventory Using the Perpetual Method 10.4 Explain and Demonstrate the Impact of Inventory Valuation Errors on the Income 657 663 Statement and Balance Sheet
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777 755 746 773 764 13 Long-Term Liabilities 809 13.1 Explain the Pricing of Long-Term Liabilities 13.2 Compute Amortization of Long-Term Liabilities Using the Effective-Interest Method 13.3 Prepare Journal Entries to Reflect the Life Cycle of Bonds 13.4 Appendix: Special Topics Related to Long-Term Liabilities 830 842 810 822 14 Corporation Accounting 859 14.1 Explain the Process of Securing Equity Financing through the Issuance of Stock 14.2 Analyze and Record Transactions for the Issuance and Repurchase of Stock 14.3 Record Transactions and the Effects on Financial Statements for Cash Dividends, Property 871 860 Dividends, Stock Dividends, and Stock Splits 879 14.4 Compare and Contrast Owners’ Equity versus Retained Earnings 890 14.5 Discuss the Applicability of Earnings per Share as a Method to Measure Performance 897 15 Partnership Accounting 925
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Performance 897 15 Partnership Accounting 925 15.1 Describe the Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizing as a Partnership 15.2 Describe How a Partnership Is Created, Including the Associated Journal Entries 15.3 Compute and Allocate Partners’ Share of Income and Loss 15.4 Prepare Journal Entries to Record the Admission and Withdrawal of a Partner 15.5 Discuss and Record Entries for the Dissolution of a Partnership 943 935 926 932 938 16 Statement of Cash Flows 955 16.1 Explain the Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows 16.2 Differentiate between Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities 16.3 Prepare the Statement of Cash Flows Using the Indirect Method 16.4 Prepare the Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Indirect Method 16.5 Use Information from the Statement of Cash Flows to Prepare Ratios to Assess Liquidity 956 957 971 959 and Solvency 974 16.6 Appendix: Prepare a Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Direct Method 979 A
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956 957 971 959 and Solvency 974 16.6 Appendix: Prepare a Completed Statement of Cash Flows Using the Direct Method 979 A Financial Statement Analysis 1009 B Time Value of Money 1021 C Suggested Resources 1025 Index 1041 This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Preface Preface 1 Welcome to Principles of Accounting, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. About OpenStax OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 30 books for college and AP® courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. OpenStax Tutor, our low-cost
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that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus, in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book. Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit the Instructor Resources section of your book page on openstax.org for more information. Art attribution in Principles of Accounting In Principles of Accounting, most art contains attribution to its title, creator or rights holder, host platform, and license within the caption. Because the art is openly licensed, anyone may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source.
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license within the caption. Because the art is openly licensed, anyone may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. To maximize readability and content flow, some art does not include attribution in the text. If you reuse art from this text that does not have attribution provided, use the following attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Errata All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on openstax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on openstax.org. 2 Format Preface
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transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on openstax.org. 2 Format Preface You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through openstax.org, and for a low cost in print. About Principles of Accounting Principles of Accounting is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of a two-semester accounting course that covers the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. This book is specifically designed to appeal to both accounting and non-accounting majors, exposing students to the core concepts of accounting in familiar ways to build a strong foundation that can be applied across business fields. Each chapter opens with a relatable real-life scenario for today’s college student. Thoughtfully designed examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting
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examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting knowledge. Concepts are further reinforced through applicable connections to more detailed business processes. Students are immersed in the “why” as well as the “how” aspects of accounting in order to reinforce concepts and promote comprehension over rote memorization. Coverage and scope Our Principles of Accounting textbook adheres to the scope and sequence requirements of accounting courses nationwide. We have endeavored to make the core concepts and practical applications of accounting engaging, relevant, and accessible to students. Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting Chapter 1: The Role of Accounting in Society Chapter 2: Introduction to Financial Statements Chapter 3: Analyzing and Recording Transactions Chapter 4: The Adjustment Process Chapter 5: Completing the Accounting Cycle Chapter 6: Merchandising Transactions
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Chapter 3: Analyzing and Recording Transactions Chapter 4: The Adjustment Process Chapter 5: Completing the Accounting Cycle Chapter 6: Merchandising Transactions Chapter 7: Accounting Information Systems Chapter 8: Fraud, Internal Controls, and Cash Chapter 9: Accounting for Receivables Chapter 10: Inventory Chapter 11: Long-Term Assets Chapter 12: Current Liabilities Chapter 13: Long-Term Liabilities Chapter 14: Corporation Accounting Chapter 15: Partnership Accounting Chapter 16: Statement of Cash Flows Principles of Accounting, Volume 2: Managerial Accounting Chapter 1: Accounting as a Tool for Managers Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Managerial Accounting This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Preface 3 Chapter 3: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Chapter 4: Job Order Costing Chapter 5: Process Costing Chapter 6: Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption Costing Chapter 7: Budgeting Chapter 8: Standard Costs and Variances
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Chapter 4: Job Order Costing Chapter 5: Process Costing Chapter 6: Activity-Based, Variable, and Absorption Costing Chapter 7: Budgeting Chapter 8: Standard Costs and Variances Chapter 9: Responsibility Accounting and Decentralization Chapter 10: Short-Term Decision-Making Chapter 11: Capital Budgeting Decisions Chapter 12: Balanced Scorecard and Other Performance Measures Chapter 13: Sustainability Reporting Engaging feature boxes Throughout Principles of Accounting, you will find features that engage students by taking selected topics a step further. • Your Turn. This feature provides students an opportunity to apply covered concepts. • Concepts in Practice. This feature takes students beyond mechanics and illustrates the utility of a given concept for accountants and non-accountants. We encourage instructors to reference these as part of their in-class lectures and assessments to provide easily relatable applications.
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concept for accountants and non-accountants. We encourage instructors to reference these as part of their in-class lectures and assessments to provide easily relatable applications. • Think It Through. This scenario-based feature puts students in the role of decision-maker. With topics ranging from ethical dilemmas to conflicting analytical results, the purpose of this feature is to teach students that in the real world not every question has just one answer. • Continuing Application at Work. This feature follows an individual company or segment of an industry and examines how businesspeople conduct the decision-making process in different situations. It allows students to see how concepts build on each other. • Ethical Considerations. This feature illustrates the ethical implication of decisions, how accounting concepts are applied to real-life examples, and how financial and managerial decisions can impact many stakeholders. •
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concepts are applied to real-life examples, and how financial and managerial decisions can impact many stakeholders. • IFRS Connection. This feature presents the differences and similarities between U.S. GAAP and IFRS, helping students understand how accounting concepts and rules between countries may vary and thus affect financial reporting and decision-making. • Link to Learning. This feature provides a very brief introduction to online resources and videos that are pertinent to students’ exploration of the topic at hand. Pedagogical features that reinforce key concepts • Learning Objectives. Each chapter is organized into sections based on clear and comprehensive learning objectives that help guide students on what they can expect to learn. After completing the modules and assessments, students should be able to demonstrate mastery of the learning objectives. • Summaries. Designed to support both students and instructors, section summaries distill the information
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assessments, students should be able to demonstrate mastery of the learning objectives. • Summaries. Designed to support both students and instructors, section summaries distill the information in each module down to key, concise points. • Key Terms. Key terms are bolded the first time that they are used and are followed by a definition in context. Definitions of key terms are also listed in the glossary, which appears at the end of the chapter. 4 Preface Assessments to test comprehension and practice skills An assortment of assessment types are provided in this text to allow for practice and self-assessment throughout the course of study. • Multiple Choice. are basic review questions that test comprehension. • Questions include brief, open-response questions to test comprehension. • Exercises (Sets A and B) are application Application questions that require a combination of quantitative and analytical skills.
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• Exercises (Sets A and B) are application Application questions that require a combination of quantitative and analytical skills. • Problems (Sets A and B) are advanced Advanced activities that allow students to demonstrate learning and application of multiple learning objectives and skills concurrently in one set of facts. Problems are designed to assess higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy. • Thought Provokers are open-ended questions, often with more than one acceptable response, designed to stretch students intellectually. Effective art program Our art program is designed to enhance students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective presentations of financial materials and diagrams. Figure 1 Journal Entry. Figure 2 Work in Process Inventory T-Account. This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Preface 5 Figure 3 Income Statement. Figure 4 Organizational Chart. 6 Preface Figure 5 Cash Interest Payment.
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Preface 5 Figure 3 Income Statement. Figure 4 Organizational Chart. 6 Preface Figure 5 Cash Interest Payment. Figure 6 General Ledger. Additional resources Student and instructor resources We’ve compiled additional resources for both students and instructors, including Getting Started Guides, an instructor solution guide, and companion presentation slides. Instructor resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your account on openstax.org. Instructor and student resources are typically available within a few months after the book’s initial publication. Take advantage of these resources to supplement your OpenStax book. Community Hubs OpenStax partners with the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME) to offer
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other faculty. To reach the Community Hubs, visit www.oercommons.org/hubs/OpenStax. Technology partners As allies in making high-quality learning materials accessible, our technology partners offer optional low-cost tools that are integrated with OpenStax books. To access the technology options for your text, visit your book page on openstax.org. About the authors Senior contributing authors Mitchell Franklin, Le Moyne College (Financial Accounting) Mitchell Franklin (PhD, CPA) is an Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate and Graduate Accounting Programs at Le Moyne College’s Madden School of Business. His research interests include the impact of tax law on policy, and innovative education in both financial accounting and taxation, with articles published in journals including Issues in Accounting Education, Advances in Accounting Education, Tax Notes, Journal of Taxation, and The CPA Journal and Tax Adviser. He teaches introductory and advanced courses in
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Journal of Taxation, and The CPA Journal and Tax Adviser. He teaches introductory and advanced courses in individual and corporate taxation as well as financial accounting. Prior to joining Le Moyne College, he served on the faculty at Syracuse University. Patty Graybeal, University of Michigan-Dearborn (Managerial Accounting) Patty Graybeal received her BBA from Radford University and her MACCT and PhD from Virginia Tech. She teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in financial, managerial, governmental, and international accounting. She has published scholarly articles on performance plans and compensation structures, as well as bankruptcy prediction, and she currently focuses on pedagogical issues related to instructional methods and resources that enhance student academic success. Prior to UM-Dearborn, she was on the faculty at Wake Forest University, George Mason University, and Virginia Tech. She brings significant real-world experience to
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Forest University, George Mason University, and Virginia Tech. She brings significant real-world experience to the classroom from her prior work in healthcare administration and her current work with the auto industry. Dixon Cooper, Ouachita Baptist University Dixon Cooper received his BBA in Accounting and MS in Taxation from the University of North Texas. He has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in accounting, finance, and economics. In addition to his academic activities, he served for approximately fifteen years as an author/editor for the AICPA’s continuing education program and maintained a tax compliance and financial services practice. He also has several years of experience in public accounting and consulting. Prior to teaching at Ouachita Baptist University, he was a faculty member at the University of North Texas, Texas Christian University Austin College, and the University of Arkansas. Contributing authors LuAnn Bean, Florida Institute of Technology
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faculty member at the University of North Texas, Texas Christian University Austin College, and the University of Arkansas. Contributing authors LuAnn Bean, Florida Institute of Technology Ian Burt, Niagara University Shana Carr, San Diego City College David T. Collins, Bellarmine University Shawna Coram, Florida State College at Jacksonville 8 Preface Kenneth Creech, Briar Cliff University Alan Czyzewski, Indiana State University Michael Gauci, Florida Atlantic University Cindy Greenman, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Michael Haselkorn, Bentley University Christine Irujo, Westfield State University Cynthia Johnson, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Cynthia Khanlarian, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Terri Lukshaitis, Ferris State University Debra Luna, Southwest University Bill Nantz, Houston Community College Tatyana Pashnyak, Bainbridge State College Brian Pusateri, University of Scranton Ellen Rackas, Muhlenberg College
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Debra Luna, Southwest University Bill Nantz, Houston Community College Tatyana Pashnyak, Bainbridge State College Brian Pusateri, University of Scranton Ellen Rackas, Muhlenberg College Marianne Rexer, Wilkes University Roslyn Roberts, California State University, Sacramento Rebecca Rosner, Long Island University Jeffrey J. Sabolish, University of Michigan-Flint Jason E. Swartzlander, Bluffton University Diane Tanner, University of North Florida Mark M. Ulrich, Queensborough Community College Janis Weber, University of Louisiana Monroe Linda Williams, Tidewater Community College Darryl Woolley, University of Idaho Reviewers Janice Akao, Butler Community College Chandra D. Arthur, Cuyahoga Community College Kwadwo Asare, Bryant University Dereck Barr-Pulliam, University of Wisconsin–Madison John Bedient, Albion College Debra Benson, Kennesaw State University Amy Bourne, Oregon State University Stacy Boyer-Davis, Northern Michigan University
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John Bedient, Albion College Debra Benson, Kennesaw State University Amy Bourne, Oregon State University Stacy Boyer-Davis, Northern Michigan University Dena Breece, Methodist University Lawrence Chui, University of St. Thomas, Minnesota Sandra Cohen, Columbia College Chicago This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Preface 9 Bryan Coleman, Assumption College Sue Cooper, Salisbury University Constance Crawford, Ramapo College of New Jersey Cori O. Crews, Valdosta State University Annette Davis, Glendale Community College Ronald de Ramon, Rockland Community College Julie Dilling, Moraine Park Technical College Terry Elliott, Morehead State University Jim Emig, Villanova University Darius Fatemi, Northern Kentucky University Rhonda Gilreath, Tiffin University Alan Glazer, Franklin & Marshall College Marina Grau, Houston Community College Amber Gray, Adrian College Jeffry Haber, Iona College
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Rhonda Gilreath, Tiffin University Alan Glazer, Franklin & Marshall College Marina Grau, Houston Community College Amber Gray, Adrian College Jeffry Haber, Iona College Michelle Hagadorn, Roanoke College Regina Ivory Butts, Fort Valley State University Simone Keize, Broward College Christine Kloezeman, California State University, Los Angeles Lauri L. Kremer, Lycoming College W. Eric Lee, University of Northern Iowa Julie G. Lindsey, University of Phoenix Jennifer Mack, Lindenwood University Suneel Maheshwari, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Richard Mandau, Piedmont Technical College Josephine Mathias, Mercer County Community College Ermira Mazziotta, Muhlenberg College Karen B. McCarron, Georgia Gwinnett College Michelle A. McFeaters, Grove City College Britton McKay, Georgia Southern University Christopher McNamara, Finger Lakes Community College Glenn McQueary, Houston Community College Tammy Metzke, Milwaukee Area Technical College
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Britton McKay, Georgia Southern University Christopher McNamara, Finger Lakes Community College Glenn McQueary, Houston Community College Tammy Metzke, Milwaukee Area Technical College Stacey Mirinaviciene, Keuka College Eleonor Moore, Kirtland Community College Hassan Niazi, Northern State University 10 Preface Felicia Olagbemi, Colorado State University-Global Campus Suzanne Owens, Colorado Mesa University Jenice Prather-Kinsey, University of Alabama at Birmingham Tom Prieto, College of the Canyons Atul Rai, Wichita State University Kevin Raiford, College of Southern Nevada Dave Repp, Strayer University Patrick Rogan, Cosumnes River College John Rossi, Moravian College Angela Seidel, Saint Francis University Margaret Shackell, Cornell University Debra Sinclair, University of South Florida St. Petersburg Mohsen Souissi, Fayetteville State University Zivia Sweeney, University of Southern California Tim Swenson, Sullivan University Hai Ta, Niagara University
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Mohsen Souissi, Fayetteville State University Zivia Sweeney, University of Southern California Tim Swenson, Sullivan University Hai Ta, Niagara University Andress Walker, Ventura County Community College District Teresa Walker, Greensboro College Roland Warfield, Seton Hill University Michael Wiggins, Georgia Southern University Joseph Winter, Niagara University David Ziebart, University of Kentucky This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 1 Role of Accounting in Society Figure 1.1 Careers and Accounting. Promotional opportunities throughout a person’s career may involve managerial responsibilities and often include responsibility for a portion of the organization’s financial performance. Having an understanding of how accounting affects businesses can help the individual to be successful in meeting the organization’s strategic and financial goals. (credit: modification of “Achievement” by unknown/Pixabay, CC0) Chapter Outline
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successful in meeting the organization’s strategic and financial goals. (credit: modification of “Achievement” by unknown/Pixabay, CC0) Chapter Outline 1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial and Managerial Accounting 1.2 Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply Information 1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying, Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities 1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders 1.5 Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education Why It Matters Jennifer has been in the social work profession for over 25 years. After graduating college, she started working at an agency that provided services to homeless women and children. Part of her role was to work directly with the homeless women and children to help them acquire adequate shelter and other necessities. Jennifer
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the homeless women and children to help them acquire adequate shelter and other necessities. Jennifer currently serves as the director of an organization that provides mentoring services to local youth. Looking back on her career in the social work field, Jennifer indicates that there are two things that surprised her. The first thing that surprised her was that as a trained social worker she would ultimately become a director of a social work agency and would be required to make financial decisions about programs and how the money is spent. As a college student, she thought social workers would spend their entire careers providing direct support to their clients. The second thing that surprised her was how valuable it is for 12 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society directors to have an understanding of accounting. She notes, “The best advice I received in college was when
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Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society directors to have an understanding of accounting. She notes, “The best advice I received in college was when my advisor suggested I take an accounting course. As a social work student, I was reluctant to do so because I did not see the relevance. I didn’t realize so much of an administrator’s role involves dealing with financial issues. I’m thankful that I took the advice and studied accounting. For example, I was surprised that I would be expected to routinely present to the board our agency’s financial performance. The board includes several business professionals and leaders from other agencies. Knowing the accounting terms and having a good understanding of the information contained in the financial reports gives me a lot of confidence when answering their questions. In addition, understanding what influences the financial performance of our agency better prepares me to plan for the future.”
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answering their questions. In addition, understanding what influences the financial performance of our agency better prepares me to plan for the future.” 1.1 Explain the Importance of Accounting and Distinguish between Financial and Managerial Accounting Accounting is the process of organizing, analyzing, and communicating financial information that is used for decision-making. Financial information is typically prepared by accountants—those trained in the specific techniques and practices of the profession. This course explores many of the topics and techniques related to the accounting profession. While many students will directly apply the knowledge gained in this course to continue their education and become accountants and business professionals, others might pursue different career paths. However, a solid understanding of accounting can for many still serve as a useful resource. In
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career paths. However, a solid understanding of accounting can for many still serve as a useful resource. In fact, it is hard to think of a profession where a foundation in the principles of accounting would not be beneficial. Therefore, one of the goals of this course is to provide a solid understanding of how financial information is prepared and used in the workplace, regardless of your particular career path. T H I N K I T T H R O U G H Expertise Every job or career requires a certain level of technical expertise and an understanding of the key aspects necessary to be successful. The time required to develop the expertise for a particular job or career varies from several months to much longer. For instance, doctors, in addition to the many years invested in the classroom, invest a significant amount of time providing care to patients under the supervision of more experienced doctors. This helps medical professionals develop the necessary skills to quickly and
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more experienced doctors. This helps medical professionals develop the necessary skills to quickly and effectively diagnose and treat the various medical conditions they spent so many years learning about. Figure 1.2 College Graduation. (credit: modification of “140501-A-XA877-046” by Fort Wainwright Public Affairs Office/Flickr, CC BY 2.0) This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 13 Accounting also typically takes specialized training. Top accounting managers often invest many years and have a significant amount of experience mastering complex financial transactions. Also, in addition to attending college, earning professional certifications and investing in continuing education are necessary to develop a skill set sufficient to becoming experts in an accounting professional field. The level and type of training in accounting are often dependent on which of the myriad options of
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The level and type of training in accounting are often dependent on which of the myriad options of accounting fields the potential accountant chooses to enter. To familiarize you with some potential opportunities, Describe the Varied Career Paths Open to Individuals with an Accounting Education examines many of these career options. In addition to covering an assortment of possible career opportunities, we address some of the educational and experiential certifications that are available. Why do you think accountants (and doctors) need to be certified and secure continuing education? In your response, defend your position with examples. In addition to doctors and accountants, what other professions can you think of that might require a significant investment of time and effort in order to develop an expertise? A traditional adage states that “accounting is the language of business.” While that is true, you can also say
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significant investment of time and effort in order to develop an expertise? A traditional adage states that “accounting is the language of business.” While that is true, you can also say that “accounting is the language of life.” At some point, most people will make a decision that relies on accounting information. For example, you may have to decide whether it is better to lease or buy a vehicle. Likewise, a college graduate may have to decide whether it is better to take a higher-paying job in a bigger city (where the cost of living is also higher) or a job in a smaller community where both the pay and cost of living may be lower. In a professional setting, a theater manager may want to know if the most recent play was profitable. Similarly, the owner of the local plumbing business may want to know whether it is worthwhile to pay an employee to be “on call” for emergencies during off-hours and weekends. Whether personal or professional, accounting
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“on call” for emergencies during off-hours and weekends. Whether personal or professional, accounting information plays a vital role in all of these decisions. You may have noticed that the decisions in these scenarios would be based on factors that include both financial and nonfinancial information. For instance, when deciding whether to lease or buy a vehicle, you would consider not only the monthly payments but also such factors as vehicle maintenance and reliability. The college graduate considering two job offers might weigh factors such as working hours, ease of commuting, and options for shopping and entertainment. The theater manager would analyze the proceeds from ticket sales and sponsorships as well as the expenses for production of the play and operating the concessions. In addition, the theater manager should consider how the financial performance of the play might have been influenced by the marketing of the play, the weather during the performances, and other
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might have been influenced by the marketing of the play, the weather during the performances, and other factors such as competing events during the time of the play. All of these factors, both financial and nonfinancial, are relevant to the financial performance of the play. In addition to the additional cost of having an employee “on call” during evenings and weekends, the owner of the local plumbing business would consider nonfinancial factors in the decision. For instance, if there are no other plumbing businesses that offer services during evenings and weekends, offering emergency service might give the business a strategic advantage that could increase overall sales by attracting new customers. This course explores the role that accounting plays in society. You will learn about financial accounting, which measures the financial performance of an organization using standard conventions to prepare and distribute
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measures the financial performance of an organization using standard conventions to prepare and distribute financial reports. Financial accounting is used to generate information for stakeholders outside of an organization, such as owners, stockholders, lenders, and governmental entities such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). 14 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society Financial accounting is also a foundation for understanding managerial accounting, which uses both financial and nonfinancial information as a basis for making decisions within an organization with the purpose of equipping decision makers to set and evaluate business goals by determining what information they need to make a particular decision and how to analyze and communicate this information. Managerial accounting information tends to be used internally, for such purposes as budgeting, pricing, and determining production
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information tends to be used internally, for such purposes as budgeting, pricing, and determining production costs. Since the information is generally used internally, you do not see the same need for financial oversight in an organization’s managerial data. You will also note in your financial accounting studies that there are governmental and organizational entities that oversee the accounting processes and systems that are used in financial accounting. These entities include organizations such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB was created after several major cases of corporate fraud, leading to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, known as SOX. If you choose to pursue more advanced accounting courses, especially auditing courses, you will address the SOX in much greater detail.
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accounting courses, especially auditing courses, you will address the SOX in much greater detail. For now, it is not necessary to go into greater detail about the mechanics of these organizations or other accounting and financial legislation. You just need to have a basic understanding that they function to provide a degree of protection for those outside of the organization who rely on the financial information. Whether or not you aspire to become an accountant, understanding financial and managerial accounting is valuable and necessary for practically any career you will pursue. Management of a car manufacturer, for example, would use both financial and managerial accounting information to help improve the business. Financial accounting information is valuable as it measures whether or not the company was financially successful. Knowing this provides management with an opportunity to repeat activities that have proven
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successful. Knowing this provides management with an opportunity to repeat activities that have proven effective and to make adjustments in areas in which the company has underperformed. Managerial accounting information is likewise valuable. Managers of the car manufacturer may want to know, for example, how much scrap is generated from a particular area in the manufacturing process. While identifying and improving the manufacturing process (i.e., reducing scrap) helps the company financially, it may also help other areas of the production process that are indirectly related, such as poor quality and shipping delays. 1.2 Identify Users of Accounting Information and How They Apply Information The ultimate goal of accounting is to provide information that is useful for decision-making. Users of accounting information are generally divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal users are
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accounting information are generally divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal users are those within an organization who use financial information to make day-to-day decisions. Internal users include managers and other employees who use financial information to confirm past results and help make adjustments for future activities. External users are those outside of the organization who use the financial information to make decisions or to evaluate an entity’s performance. For example, investors, financial analysts, loan officers, governmental auditors, such as IRS agents, and an assortment of other stakeholders are classified as external users, while still having an interest in an organization’s financial information. (Stakeholders are addressed in greater detail in Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders.) This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 15
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in Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders.) This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 15 Characteristics, Users, and Sources of Financial Accounting Information Organizations measure financial performance in monetary terms. In the United States, the dollar is used as the standard measurement basis. Measuring financial performance in monetary terms allows managers to compare the organization’s performance to previous periods, to expectations, and to other organizations or industry standards. Financial accounting is one of the broad categories in the study of accounting. While some industries and types of organizations have variations in how the financial information is prepared and communicated, accountants generally use the same methodologies—called accounting standards—to prepare the financial
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accountants generally use the same methodologies—called accounting standards—to prepare the financial information. You learn in Introduction to Financial Statements that financial information is primarily communicated through financial statements, which include the Income Statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows and Disclosures. These financial statements ensure the information is consistent from period to period and generally comparable between organizations. The conventions also ensure that the information provided is both reliable and relevant to the user. Virtually every activity and event that occurs in a business has an associated cost or value and is known as a transaction. Part of an accountant’s responsibility is to quantify these activities and events. In this course you will learn about the many types of transactions that occur within a business. You will also examine the effects
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will learn about the many types of transactions that occur within a business. You will also examine the effects of these transactions, including their impact on the financial position of the entity. Accountants often use computerized accounting systems to record and summarize the financial reports, which offer many benefits. The primary benefit of a computerized accounting system is the efficiency by which transactions can be recorded and summarized, and financial reports prepared. In addition, computerized accounting systems store data, which allows organizations to easily extract historical financial information. Common computerized accounting systems include QuickBooks, which is designed for small organizations, and SAP, which is designed for large and/or multinational organizations. QuickBooks is popular with smaller, less complex entities. It is less expensive than more sophisticated software packages, such as Oracle or SAP,
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less complex entities. It is less expensive than more sophisticated software packages, such as Oracle or SAP, and the QuickBooks skills that accountants developed at previous employers tend to be applicable to the needs of new employers, which can reduce both training time and costs spent on acclimating new employees to an employer’s software system. Also, being familiar with a common software package such as QuickBooks helps provide employment mobility when workers wish to reenter the job market. While QuickBooks has many advantages, once a company’s operations reach a certain level of complexity, it will need a basic software package or platform, such as Oracle or SAP, which is then customized to meet the unique informational needs of the entity. Financial accounting information is mostly historical in nature, although companies and other entities also incorporate estimates into their accounting processes. For example, you will learn how to use estimates to
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incorporate estimates into their accounting processes. For example, you will learn how to use estimates to determine bad debt expenses or depreciation expenses for assets that will be used over a multiyear lifetime. That is, accountants prepare financial reports that summarize what has already occurred in an organization. This information provides what is called feedback value. The benefit of reporting what has already occurred is the reliability of the information. Accountants can, with a fair amount of confidence, accurately report the financial performance of the organization related to past activities. The feedback value offered by the accounting information is particularly useful to internal users. That is, reviewing how the organization performed in the past can help managers and other employees make better decisions about and adjustments to future activities. Financial information has limitations, however, as a predictive tool. Business involves a large amount of 16
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to future activities. Financial information has limitations, however, as a predictive tool. Business involves a large amount of 16 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society uncertainty, and accountants cannot predict how the organization will perform in the future. However, by observing historical financial information, users of the information can detect patterns or trends that may be useful for estimating the company’s future financial performance. Collecting and analyzing a series of historical financial data is useful to both internal and external users. For example, internal users can use financial information as a predictive tool to assess whether the long-term financial performance of the organization aligns with its long-term strategic goals. External users also use the historical pattern of an organization’s financial performance as a predictive tool. For example, when deciding whether to loan money to an organization, a bank may require a certain number
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For example, when deciding whether to loan money to an organization, a bank may require a certain number of years of financial statements and other financial information from the organization. The bank will assess the historical performance in order to make an informed decision about the organization’s ability to repay the loan and interest (the cost of borrowing money). Similarly, a potential investor may look at a business’s past financial performance in order to assess whether or not to invest money in the company. In this scenario, the investor wants to know if the organization will provide a sufficient and consistent return on the investment. In these scenarios, the financial information provides value to the process of allocating scarce resources (money). If potential lenders and investors determine the organization is a worthwhile investment, money will be provided, and, if all goes well, those funds will be used by the organization to generate additional value at a
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provided, and, if all goes well, those funds will be used by the organization to generate additional value at a rate greater than the alternate uses of the money. Characteristics, Users, and Sources of Managerial Accounting Information As you’ve learned, managerial accounting information is different from financial accounting information in several respects. Accountants use formal accounting standards in financial accounting. These accounting standards are referred to as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and are the common set of rules, standards, and procedures that publicly traded companies must follow when composing their financial statements. The previously mentioned Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), an independent, nonprofit organization that sets financial accounting and reporting standards for both public and private sector businesses in the United States, uses the GAAP guidelines as its foundation for its system of accepted
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sector businesses in the United States, uses the GAAP guidelines as its foundation for its system of accepted accounting methods and practices, reports, and other documents. Since most managerial accounting activities are conducted for internal uses and applications, managerial accounting is not prepared using a comprehensive, prescribed set of conventions similar to those required by financial accounting. This is because managerial accountants provide managerial accounting information that is intended to serve the needs of internal, rather than external, users. In fact, managerial accounting information is rarely shared with those outside of the organization. Since the information often includes strategic or competitive decisions, managerial accounting information is often closely protected. The business environment is constantly changing, and managers and decision makers within organizations need a variety of
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environment is constantly changing, and managers and decision makers within organizations need a variety of information in order to view or assess issues from multiple perspectives. Accountants must be adaptable and flexible in their ability to generate the necessary information management decision-making. For example, information derived from a computerized accounting system is often the starting point for obtaining managerial accounting information. But accountants must also be able to extract information from other sources (internal and external) and analyze the data using mathematical, formula-driven software (such as Microsoft Excel). Management accounting information as a term encompasses many activities within an organization. Preparing a budget, for example, allows an organization to estimate the financial performance for the This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 17
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 17 upcoming year or years and plan for adjustments to scale operations according to the projections. Accountants often lead the budgeting process by gathering information from internal (estimates from the sales and engineering departments, for example) and external (trade groups and economic forecasts, for example) sources. These data are then compiled and presented to decision makers within the organization. Examples of other decisions that require management accounting information include whether an organization should repair or replace equipment, make products internally or purchase the items from outside vendors, and hire additional workers or use automation. As you have learned, management accounting information uses both financial and nonfinancial information.
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vendors, and hire additional workers or use automation. As you have learned, management accounting information uses both financial and nonfinancial information. This is important because there are situations in which a purely financial analysis might lead to one decision, while considering nonfinancial information might lead to a different decision. For example, suppose a financial analysis indicates that a particular product is unprofitable and should no longer be offered by a company. If the company fails to consider that customers also purchase a complementary good (you might recall that term from your study of economics), the company may be making the wrong decision. For example, assume that you have a company that produces and sells both computer printers and the replacement ink cartridges. If the company decided to eliminate the printers, then it would also lose the cartridge sales. In the past, in some
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company decided to eliminate the printers, then it would also lose the cartridge sales. In the past, in some cases, the elimination of one component, such as printers, led to customers switching to a different producer for its computers and other peripheral hardware. In the end, an organization needs to consider both the financial and nonfinancial aspects of a decision, and sometimes the effects are not intuitively obvious at the time of the decision. Figure 1.3 offers an overview of some of the differences between financial and managerial accounting. 18 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society Figure 1.3 Comparing Reports between Financial and Managerial Accounting. (attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) 1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying, Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities
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University, OpenStax, under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license) 1.3 Describe Typical Accounting Activities and the Role Accountants Play in Identifying, Recording, and Reporting Financial Activities We can classify organizations into three categories: for profit, governmental, and not for profit. These organizations are similar in several aspects. For example, each of these organizations has inflows and outflows of cash and other resources, such as equipment, furniture, and land, that must be managed. In addition, all of these organizations are formed for a specific purpose or mission and want to use the available resources in an efficient manner—the organizations strive to be good stewards, with the underlying premise of being profitable. Finally, each of the organizations makes a unique and valuable contribution to society. Given the similarities, it is clear that all of these organizations have a need for accounting information and for accountants to provide that information.
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similarities, it is clear that all of these organizations have a need for accounting information and for accountants to provide that information. There are also several differences. The main difference that distinguishes these organizations is the primary purpose or mission of the organization, discussed in the following sections. For-Profit Businesses As the name implies, the primary purpose or mission of a for-profit business is to earn a profit by selling This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 19 goods and services. There are many reasons why a for-profit business seeks to earn a profit. The profits generated by these organizations might be used to create value for employees in the form of pay raises for existing employees as well as hiring additional workers. In addition, profits can be reinvested in the business
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existing employees as well as hiring additional workers. In addition, profits can be reinvested in the business to create value in the form of research and development, equipment upgrades, facilities expansions, and many other activities that make the business more competitive. Many companies also engage in charitable activities, such as donating money, donating products, or allowing employees to volunteer in the communities. Finally, profits can also be shared with employees in the form of either bonuses or commissions as well as with owners of the business as a reward for the owners’ investment in the business. These issues, along with others, and the associated accounting conventions will be explored throughout this course. In for-profit businesses, accounting information is used to measure the financial performance of the organization and to help ensure that resources are being used efficiently. Efficiently using existing resources
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organization and to help ensure that resources are being used efficiently. Efficiently using existing resources allows the businesses to improve quality of the products and services offered, remain competitive in the marketplace, expand when appropriate, and ensure longevity of the business. For-profit businesses can be further categorized by the types of products or services the business provides. Let’s examine three types of for-profit businesses: manufacturing, retail (or merchandising), and service. Manufacturing Businesses A manufacturing business is a for-profit business that is designed to make a specific product or products. Manufacturers specialize in procuring components in the most basic form (often called direct or raw materials) and transforming the components into a finished product that is often drastically different from the original components. As you think about the products you use every day, you are probably already familiar with products made by
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components. As you think about the products you use every day, you are probably already familiar with products made by manufacturing firms. Examples of products made by manufacturing firms include automobiles, clothes, cell phones, computers, and many other products that are used every day by millions of consumers. In Job Order Costing (http://cnx.org/content/m68122/latest/) , you will examine the process of job costing, learning how manufacturing firms transform basic components into finished, sellable products and the techniques accountants use to record the costs associated with these activities. C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E Manufacturing Think about the items you have used today. Make a list of the products that were created by manufacturing firms. How many can you think of? Think of the many components that went into some of the items you use. Do you think the items were made by machines or by hand?
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manufacturing firms. How many can you think of? Think of the many components that went into some of the items you use. Do you think the items were made by machines or by hand? If you are in a classroom with other students, see who has used the greatest number of items today. Or, see who used the item that would be the most complex to manufacture. If you are able, you might consider arranging a tour of a local manufacturer. Many manufacturers are happy to give tours of the facilities and describe the many complex processes that are involved in making the products. On your tour, take note of the many job functions that are required to make those 20 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society items—from ordering the materials to delivering to the customer. Retail Businesses Manufacturing businesses and retail (or merchandising) businesses are similar in that both are for-profit
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items—from ordering the materials to delivering to the customer. Retail Businesses Manufacturing businesses and retail (or merchandising) businesses are similar in that both are for-profit businesses that sell products to consumers. In the case of manufacturing firms, by adding direct labor, manufacturing overhead (such as utilities, rent, and depreciation), and other direct materials, raw components are converted into a finished product that is sold to consumers. A retail business (or merchandising business), on the other hand, is a for-profit business that purchases products (called inventory) and then resells the products without altering them—that is, the products are sold directly to the consumer in the same condition (production state) as purchased. Examples of retail firms are plentiful. Automobile dealerships, clothes, cell phones, and computers are all examples of everyday products that are purchased and sold by retail firms. What distinguishes a
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examples of everyday products that are purchased and sold by retail firms. What distinguishes a manufacturing firm from a retail firm is that in a retail firm, the products are sold in the same condition as when the products were purchased—no further alterations were made on the products. Did you happen to notice that the product examples listed in the preceding paragraph (automobiles, clothes, cell phones, and computers) for manufacturing firms and retail firms are identical? If so, congratulations, because you are paying close attention to the details. These products are used as examples in two different contexts—that is, manufacturing firms make these products, and retail firms sell these products. These products are relevant to both manufacturing and retail because they are examples of goods that are both manufactured and sold directly to the consumer. While there are instances when a manufacturing firm also
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manufactured and sold directly to the consumer. While there are instances when a manufacturing firm also serves as the retail firm (Dell computers, for example), it is often the case that products will be manufactured and sold by separate firms. C O N C E P T S I N P R A C T I C E NIKEiD NIKEiD is a program that allows consumers to design and purchase customized equipment, clothes, and shoes. In 2007, Nike opened its first NIKEiD studio at Niketown in New York City.[1] Since its debut in 1999, the NIKEiD concept has flourished, and Nike has partnered with professional athletes to showcase their designs that, along with featured consumer designs, are available for purchase on the NIKEiD website. 1 Nike. “Nike Opens New NIKEiD Studio in New York.” October 4, 2007. https://news.nike.com/news/nike-opens-new-nikeid-studio-in-new- york This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 21
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This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 21 Figure 1.4 NIKEiD Launch Store in Shanghai. (credit: “Nike-id-shanghai-launch” by “All.watson”/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0) Assume you are the manager of a sporting goods store that sells Nike shoes. Think about the concept of NIKEiD, and consider the impact that this concept might have on your store sales. Would this positively or negatively impact the sale of Nike shoes in your store? What are steps you could take to leverage the NIKEiD concept to help increase your own store’s sales? Considerations like this are examples of what marketing professionals would address. Nike wants to ensure this concept does not negatively impact the existing relationships it has, and Nike works to ensure this program is also beneficial to its existing distribution partners.
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ensure this concept does not negatively impact the existing relationships it has, and Nike works to ensure this program is also beneficial to its existing distribution partners. In Merchandising Transactions you will learn about merchandising transactions, which include concepts and specific accounting practices for retail firms. You will learn, among other things, how to account for purchasing products from suppliers, selling the products to customers, and prepare the financial reports for retail firms. Service Businesses As the term implies, service businesses are businesses that provide services to customers. A major difference between manufacturing and retail firms and service firms is that service firms do not have a tangible product that is sold to customers. Instead, a service business does not sell tangible products to customers but rather provides intangible benefits (services) to customers. A service business can be either a for-profit or a not-for-
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provides intangible benefits (services) to customers. A service business can be either a for-profit or a not-for- profit business. Figure 1.5 illustrates the distinction between manufacturing, retail, and service businesses. Examples of service-oriented businesses include hotels, cab services, entertainment, and tax preparers. Efficiency is one advantage service businesses offer to their customers. For example, while taxpayers can certainly read the tax code, read the instructions, and complete the forms necessary to file their annual tax returns, many choose to take their tax returns to a person who has specialized training and experience with 22 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society preparing tax returns. Although it is more expensive to do so, many feel it is a worthwhile investment because the tax professional has invested the time and has the knowledge to prepare the forms properly and in a
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the tax professional has invested the time and has the knowledge to prepare the forms properly and in a timely manner. Hiring a tax preparer is efficient for the taxpayer because it allows the taxpayer to file the required forms without having to invest numerous hours researching and preparing the forms. The accounting conventions for service businesses are similar to the accounting conventions for manufacturing and retail businesses. In fact, the accounting for service businesses is easier in one respect. Because service businesses do not sell tangible products, there is no need to account for products that are being held for sale (inventory). Therefore, while we briefly discuss service businesses, we’ll focus mostly on accounting for manufacturing and retail businesses. Figure 1.5 Manufacturing, Retail, and Service. An auto manufacturing plant, a car sales lot, and a taxi represent three types of businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service. (credit left: modification of
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represent three types of businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service. (credit left: modification of “Maquiladora” by “Guldhammer”/Wikimedia Commons, CC0; credit center: modification of “Mercedes Benz Parked” by unknown/Pixabay, CC0; credit right: modification of “Taxi Overtaking Bus” by “Kai Pilger”/Pixabay, CC0) Y O U R T U R N Categorizing Restaurants So far, you’ve learned about three types of for-profit businesses: manufacturing, retail, and service. Previously, you saw how some firms such as Dell serve as both manufacturer and retailer. Now, think of the last restaurant where you ate. Of the three business types (manufacturer, retailer, or service provider), how would you categorize the restaurant? Is it a manufacturer? A retailer? A service provider? Can you think of examples of how a restaurant has characteristics of all three types of businesses? Solution Answers will vary. Responses may initially consider a restaurant to be only a service provider. Students
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businesses? Solution Answers will vary. Responses may initially consider a restaurant to be only a service provider. Students may also recognize that a restaurant possesses aspects of a manufacturer (by preparing the meals), retailer (by selling merchandise and/or gift cards), and service provider (by waiting on customers). This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 23 Governmental Entities A governmental entity provides services to the general public (taxpayers). Governmental agencies exist at the federal, state, and local levels. These entities are funded through the issuance of taxes and other fees. Accountants working in governmental entities perform the same function as accountants working at for-profit businesses. Accountants help to serve the public interest by providing to the public an accounting for the
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businesses. Accountants help to serve the public interest by providing to the public an accounting for the receipts and disbursements of taxpayer dollars. Governmental leaders are accountable to taxpayers, and accountants help assure the public that tax dollars are being utilized in an efficient manner. Examples of governmental entities that require financial reporting include federal agencies such as the Social Security Administration, state agencies such as the Department of Transportation, and local agencies such as county engineers. Students continuing their study of accounting may take a specific course or courses related to governmental accounting. While the specific accounting used in governmental entities differs from traditional accounting conventions, the goal of providing accurate and unbiased financial information useful for decision-making remains the same, regardless of the type of entity. Government accounting standards are governed by the
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remains the same, regardless of the type of entity. Government accounting standards are governed by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). This organization creates standards that are specifically appropriate for state and local governments in the United States. Not-for-Profit Entities To be fair, the name “not-for-profit” can be somewhat confusing. As with “for-profit” entities, the name refers to the primary purpose or mission of the organization. In the case of for-profit organizations, the primary purpose is to generate a profit. The profits, then, can be used to sustain and improve the business through investments in employees, research, and development, and other measures intended to help ensure the long- term success of the business. But in the case of a nonprofit (not-for-profit) organization the primary purpose or mission is to serve a particular interest or need in the community. A not-for-profit entity tends to depend on financial longevity
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particular interest or need in the community. A not-for-profit entity tends to depend on financial longevity based on donations, grants, and revenues generated. It may be helpful to think of not-for-profit entities as “mission-based” entities. It is important to note that not-for-profit entities, while having a primary purpose of serving a particular interest, also have a need for financial sustainability. An adage in the not-for-profit sector states that “being a not-for-profit organization does not mean it is for-loss.” That is, not-for-profit entities must also ensure that resources are used efficiently, allowing for inflows of resources to be greater than (or, at a minimum, equal to) outflows of resources. This allows the organization to continue and perhaps expand its valuable mission. Examples of not-for-profit entities are numerous. Food banks have as a primary purpose the collection,
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valuable mission. Examples of not-for-profit entities are numerous. Food banks have as a primary purpose the collection, storage, and distribution of food to those in need. Charitable foundations have as a primary purpose the provision of funding to local agencies that support specific community needs, such as reading and after-school programs. Many colleges and universities are structured as not-for-profit entities because the primary purpose is to provide education and research opportunities. Similar to accounting for governmental entities, students continuing their study of accounting may take a specific course or courses related to not-for-profit accounting. While the specific accounting used in not-for- profit entities differs slightly from traditional accounting conventions, the goal of providing reliable and unbiased financial information useful for decision-making is vitally important. Some of the governmental and
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unbiased financial information useful for decision-making is vitally important. Some of the governmental and regulatory entities involved in maintaining the rules and principles in accounting are discussed in Explain Why 24 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders. Y O U R T U R N Types of Organizations Think of the various organizations discussed so far. Now try to identify people in your personal and professional network who work for these types of agencies. Can you think of someone in a career at each of these types of organizations? One way to explore career paths is to talk with professionals who work in the areas that interest you. You may consider reaching out to the individuals you identified and learning more about the work that they do. Find out about the positive and negative aspects of the work. Find out what advice they have relating
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do. Find out about the positive and negative aspects of the work. Find out what advice they have relating to education. Try to gain as much information as you can to determine whether that is a career you can envision yourself pursuing. Also, ask about opportunities for job shadowing, co-ops, or internships Solution Answers will vary, but this should be an opportunity to learn about careers in a variety of organizations (for-profit including manufacturing, retail, and services; not-for-profit; and governmental agencies). You may have an assumption about a career that is based only on the positive aspects. Learning from experienced professionals may help you understand all aspects of the careers. In addition, this exercise may help you confirm or alter your potential career path, including the preparation required (based on advice given from those you talk with). 1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders
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advice given from those you talk with). 1.4 Explain Why Accounting Is Important to Business Stakeholders The number of decisions we make in a single day is staggering. For example, think about what you had for breakfast this morning. What pieces of information factored into that decision? A short list might include the foods that were available in your home, the amount of time you had to prepare and eat the food, and what sounded good to eat this morning. Let’s say you do not have much food in your home right now because you are overdue on a trip to the grocery store. Deciding to grab something at a local restaurant involves an entirely new set of choices. Can you think of some of the factors that might influence the decision to grab a meal at a local restaurant? Y O U R T U R N Daily Decisions Many academic studies have been conducted on the topic of consumer behavior and decision-making. It
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local restaurant? Y O U R T U R N Daily Decisions Many academic studies have been conducted on the topic of consumer behavior and decision-making. It is a fascinating topic of study that attempts to learn what type of advertising works best, the best place to locate a business, and many other business-related activities. One such study, conducted by researchers at Cornell University, concluded that people make more than 200 food-related decisions per day.[2] This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 25 This is astonishing considering the number of decisions found in this particular study related only to decisions involving food. Imagine how many day-to-day decisions involve other issues that are important to us, such as what to wear and how to get from point A to point B. For this exercise, provide and discuss some of the food-related decisions that you recently made. Solution
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to us, such as what to wear and how to get from point A to point B. For this exercise, provide and discuss some of the food-related decisions that you recently made. Solution In consideration of food-related decisions, there are many options you can consider. For example, what types, in terms of ethnic groups or styles, do you prefer? Do you want a dining experience or just something inexpensive and quick? Do you have allergy-related food issues? These are just a few of the myriad potential decisions you might make. It is no different when it comes to financial decisions. Decision makers rely on unbiased, relevant, and timely financial information in order to make sound decisions. In this context, the term stakeholder refers to a person or group who relies on financial information to make decisions, since they often have an interest in the economic viability of an organization or business. Stakeholders may be stockholders, creditors, governmental
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economic viability of an organization or business. Stakeholders may be stockholders, creditors, governmental and regulatory agencies, customers, management and other employees, and various other parties and entities. Stockholders A stockholder is an owner of stock in a business. Owners are called stockholders because in exchange for cash, they are given an ownership interest in the business, called stock. Stock is sometimes referred to as “shares.” Historically, stockholders received paper certificates reflecting the number of stocks owned in the business. Now, many stock transactions are recorded electronically. Introduction to Financial Statements discusses stock in more detail. Corporation Accounting offers a more extensive exploration of the types of stock as well as the accounting related to stock transactions. Recall that organizations can be classified as for-profit, governmental, or not-for-profit entities. Stockholders
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stock as well as the accounting related to stock transactions. Recall that organizations can be classified as for-profit, governmental, or not-for-profit entities. Stockholders are associated with for-profit businesses. While governmental and not-for-profit entities have constituents, there is no direct ownership associated with these entities. For-profit businesses are organized into three categories: manufacturing, retail (or merchandising), and service. Another way to categorize for-profit businesses is based on the availability of the company stock (see Table 1.1). A publicly traded company is one whose stock is traded (bought and sold) on an organized stock exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) system. Most large, recognizable companies are publicly traded, meaning the stock is available for sale on these exchanges. A privately held company, in contrast, is one whose stock is
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stock is available for sale on these exchanges. A privately held company, in contrast, is one whose stock is not available to the general public. Privately held companies, while accounting for the largest number of businesses and employment in the United States, are often smaller (based on value) than publicly traded companies. Whereas financial information and company stock of publicly traded companies are available to those inside and outside of the organization, financial information and company stock of privately held companies are often limited exclusively to employees at a certain level within the organization as a part of compensation and incentive packages or selectively to individuals or groups (such as banks or other lenders) outside the organization. 2 B. Wansink and J. Sobal. “Mindless Eating: The 200 Daily Food Decisions We Overlook.” 2007. Environment & Behavior, 39[1], 106–123. 26 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society
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2 B. Wansink and J. Sobal. “Mindless Eating: The 200 Daily Food Decisions We Overlook.” 2007. Environment & Behavior, 39[1], 106–123. 26 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society Publicly Held versus Privately Held Companies Publicly Held Company Privately Held Company • Stock available to general public • Stock not available to general public • Financial information public • Financial information private • Typically larger in value • Typically smaller in value Table 1.1 Whether the stock is owned by a publicly traded or privately held company, owners use financial information to make decisions. Owners use the financial information to assess the financial performance of the business and make decisions such as whether or not to purchase additional stock, sell existing stock, or maintain the current level of stock ownership. Other decisions stockholders make may be influenced by the type of company. For example, stockholders of
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current level of stock ownership. Other decisions stockholders make may be influenced by the type of company. For example, stockholders of privately held companies often are also employees of the company, and the decisions they make may be related to day-to-day activities as well as longer-term strategic decisions. Owners of publicly traded companies, on the other hand, will usually only focus on strategic issues such as the company leadership, purchases of other businesses, and executive compensation arrangements. In essence, stockholders predominantly focus on profitability, expected increase in stock value, and corporate stability. Creditors and Lenders In order to provide goods and services to their customers, businesses make purchases from other businesses. These purchases come in the form of materials used to make finished goods or resell, office equipment such
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These purchases come in the form of materials used to make finished goods or resell, office equipment such as copiers and telephones, utility services such as heating and cooling, and many other products and services that are vital to run the business efficiently and effectively. It is rare that payment is required at the time of the purchase or when the service is provided. Instead, businesses usually extend “credit” to other businesses. Selling and purchasing on credit, which is explored further in Merchandising Transactions and Accounting for Receivables, means the payment is expected after a certain period of time following receipt of the goods or provision of the service. The term creditor refers to a business that grants extended payment terms to other businesses. The time frame for extended credit to other businesses for purchases of goods and services is usually very short, typically thirty-day to forty-five-day periods are common.
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other businesses for purchases of goods and services is usually very short, typically thirty-day to forty-five-day periods are common. When businesses need to borrow larger amounts of money and/or for longer periods of time, they will often borrow money from a lender, a bank or other institution that has the primary purpose of lending money with a specified repayment period and stated interest rate. If you or your family own a home, you may already be familiar with lending institutions. The time frame for borrowing from lenders is typically measured in years rather than days, as was the case with creditors. While lending arrangements vary, typically the borrower is required to make periodic, scheduled payments with the full amount being repaid by a certain date. In addition, since the borrowing is for a long period of time, lending institutions require the borrower to pay a fee
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addition, since the borrowing is for a long period of time, lending institutions require the borrower to pay a fee (called interest) for the use of borrowing. These concepts and the related accounting practices are covered in Long-Term Liabilities. Table 1.2 Summarizes the differences between creditors and lenders. This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col25448/1.4 Chapter 1 Role of Accounting in Society 27 Creditor versus Lender Creditor Lender • Business that grants extended payment terms to other • Bank or other institution that lends businesses • Shorter time frame Table 1.2 money • Longer time frame Both creditors and lenders use financial information to make decisions. The ultimate decision that both creditors and lenders have to make is whether or not the funds will be repaid by the borrower. The reason this is important is because lending money involves risk. The type of risk creditors and lenders assess is repayment
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