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6:66 | image,text | Humvee. The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV; colloquial: Humvee) is a family of light, four-wheel drive, military trucks and utility vehicles produced by AM General. It has largely supplanted the roles previously performed by the original jeep, and others such as the Vietnam War-era M151 jeep, the M56... | |
6:67 | image,text | Humvee. navigated the treacherous desert terrain; this usage helped to inspire civilian Hummer versions. The vehicle's original unarmored design was later seen to be inadequate. The vehicle was found to be particularly vulnerable to improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War. The U.S. hastily up-armored select models... | |
6:68 | image,text | Humvee. the United States military had continued to rely heavily on jeeps as general utility vehicles and as a mass-transport for soldiers in small groups. Although the U.S. Army had let Ford redesign the jeep from the ground up during the 1950s, and the resulting M151 jeep incorporated significant innovations, it firm... | |
6:69 | image,text | Humvee. with an 800 (lb) payload. During and after the war, the very light, -ton jeeps were complemented by the -ton Dodge WC and Korean War Dodge M37 models.By the mid-1960s, the U.S. military felt a need to reevaluate their aging light vehicle fleet. For starters, from the mid-1960s, the U.S. Army had tried to modern... | |
6:70 | image,text | Humvee. was a truly versatile light military truck, that could replace multiple outdated vehicles. When becoming aware of the U.S. Army's desire for a versatile new light weapons carrier/reconnaissance vehicle, as early as 1969 FMC Corporation started development on their XR311 prototype and offered it for testing in 1... | |
6:71 | image,text | Humvee. 1979, the U.S. Army drafted final specifications for a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), which was to replace all the tactical vehicles in the 1/4-ton to 5/4-ton range, namely the M151 quarter-ton jeeps, M561 Gama Goats, and the CUCVs, as one uniform "jack-of-all-trades" light tactical vehicle... | |
6:72 | image,text | Humvee. (in) ground clearance, double that of most sport-utility vehicles. The new truck was to climb a 60 percent incline and traverse a 40 percent slope. The air intake was to be mounted flush on top of the right fender (or to be raised on a stovepipe to roof level to ford) 5 (ft) of water and electronics waterproofe... | |
6:73 | image,text | Humvee. American Motors Corporation, began preliminary design work. Less than a year later, the prototype was in testing. Chrysler Defense and Teledyne Continental also produced competing designs. In June 1981, the Army awarded AM General a contract for the development of several more prototype vehicles to be delivered... | |
6:74 | image,text | Humvee. were subjected to over 600,000 miles in trials which included off-road courses in desert and arctic conditions. AM General was awarded an initial contract in 1983 for 2,334 vehicles, the first batch of a five-year contract that would see 55,000 vehicles delivered to the U.S. military, including 39,000 vehicles ... | |
6:75 | image,text | Humvee. HMMWV in the new concept of a motorized division. Yakima Training Center in Yakima, Washington, was the main testing grounds for HMMWVs from 1985 through December 1991, when the motorized concept was abandoned and the division inactivated.## Use in combat.HMMWVs first saw combat in Operation Just Cause, the U.S... | |
6:76 | image,text | Humvee. conventional operations, such as the Gulf War. Vehicles and crews suffered considerable damage and losses during the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993 because of the nature of urban engagement. However, the chassis survivability allowed the majority of those crews to return to safety, though the HMMWV was never desig... | |
6:77 | image,text | Humvee. for a more protected HMMWV and AM General developed the M1114, an armored HMMWV to withstand small arms fire. The M1114 has been in production since 1996, seeing limited use in the Balkans before deployment to the Middle East. This design is superior to the M998 with a larger, more powerful turbocharged engine,... | |
6:78 | image,text | Humvee. were sent into Afghanistan following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, where they proved invaluable during initial operations. In the early years before IEDs became prevalent, the vehicle was liked by troops for its ability to access rough, mountainous terrain. Some soldiers would remove features from Humvees, includ... | |
6:79 | image,text | Humvee. U.S. military hastily added armor kits to the vehicles. Although this somewhat improved survivability, bolting on armor made the Humvee an "ungainly beast", increasing weight and putting a strain on the chassis, which led to unreliability. Armored doors that weighed hundreds of pounds were difficult for troops ... | |
6:80 | image,text | Humvee. also been used by Taliban insurgents for suicide bombings against the Afghan National Security Forces in the country.The HMMWV has become the vehicular backbone of U.S. forces around the world. Over 10,000 HMMWVs were employed by coalition forces during the Iraq War. The Humvee has been described as a vehicle w... | |
6:81 | image,text | Humvee. cost of mobility and payload.On 22 April 2022, Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby described a package of military equipment being transported to Ukraine to assist in its war with Russia, including "100 armored Humvee vehicles". An additional 50 were promised on 19 August 2022.## Modifications.In December 20... | |
6:82 | image,text | Humvee. the guerrilla insurgency, more armor kits were being manufactured, though perhaps not as fast as production facilities were capable. Even more advanced kits were also being developed. While these kits are much more effective against all types of attacks, they weigh from 1500 to 2200 (lb) and have some of the sa... | |
6:83 | image,text | Humvee. blast is distributed in all different directions but offer little protection from a mine blast below the truck, such as buried IEDs and land mines. Explosively formed penetrators (EFPs) can also defeat the armor kits, causing casualties.The armor kits fielded include the Armor Survivability Kit (ASK), FRAG 5, F... | |
6:84 | image,text | Humvee. 2005, offers more protection than the M1114 but also increases weight. The FRAG 5 offered even more protection but was still inadequate to stop EFP attacks. The FRAG 6 kit is designed to do just that, however its increased protection adds over 1,000 (lb) the vehicle over the FRAG 5 kit, and the width is increas... | |
6:85 | image,text | Humvee. U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center developed the Humvee Crew Extraction D-ring in 2006. The D-ring hooks on the door of the HMMWV so that another vehicle can rip the door off with a tow strap, chain, or cable to free the troops inside. The D-ring was later recognized as... | |
6:86 | image,text | Humvee. extremely vulnerable. In response, many HMMWVs have been fitted with basic gun shields or turrets, as was the case with M113 APCs after they were first deployed in Vietnam. The U.S. military is currently evaluating a new form of protection, developed by BAE Systems as well as systems designed by the Army, which... | |
6:87 | image,text | Humvee. it can be fired without exposing the crew. The Boomerang anti-sniper system was also fielded by some HMMWVs in Iraq to immediately give troops the location of insurgents firing on them.Another weakness for the HMMWV has proven to be its size, which limited its deployment in Afghanistan because it is too wide fo... | |
6:88 | image,text | Humvee. armored car, the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle also known as an armored personnel carrying vehicle (APC), in limited numbers for use by the United States Army Military Police Corps. In 2007, the Marine Corps announced an intention to replace all HMMWVs in Iraq with MRAPs because of high loss rates and issued c... | |
6:89 | image,text | Humvee. for patrol vehicles. The MaxxPro Line has been shown to have the highest rate of vehicle rollover accidents because of its very high center of gravity and immense weight.## Replacement and future.The Humvee replacement process undertaken by the U.S. military focused on interim replacement with MRAPs and long-te... | |
6:90 | image,text | Humvee. vehicles as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) program. These vehicles were procured to replace Humvees in combat theaters. The long-term replacement for the Humvee is the JLTV which is designed from the ground up. The Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS) program was initiated to analyze potentia... | |
6:91 | image,text | Humvee. modification initiative to upgrade 6,700 expanded capacity vehicles (ECVs). The Marines plan to field the JLTV but do not have enough funding to completely replace all Humvees, so they decided to continue sustaining their fleet. Key areas of improvement include upgrades to the suspension to reduce the amount of... | |
6:92 | image,text | Humvee. occurring from 2015 through 2018. Older A2 series Humvees make up half the current fleet, and 4,000 are to be disposed of through foreign military sales and transfers. By 2017, the Marines' light tactical vehicle fleet is to consist of 3,500 A2 series Humvees, 9,500 ECV Humvees, and 5,000 JLTVs, with 18,000 veh... | |
6:93 | image,text | Humvee. the Marine Corps in addition to its JLTV offering, which are modular and scalable to provide varying levels of capabilities at a range of prices that can be provided individually or as complete packages. Their approach is centered around the TAK-4 independent suspension system, which delivers greater off-road p... | |
6:94 | image,text | Humvee. The cost to upgrade one Humvee with Northrop Grumman's features is $145,000. Textron has offered another Humvee upgrade option called the Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV) that restores mobility and survivability over armored Humvee levels. Although the SCTV costs more at $200,000 per vehicle, the compa... | |
6:95 | image,text | Humvee. as a mobile scout vehicle with armor features removed to enhance mobility and terrain accessibility, since there would be no occupants needed to protect. Because there will still be tens of thousands of Humvees in the U.S. inventory after the JLTV enters service, it could be a low-cost way to build an unmanned ... | |
6:96 | image,text | Humvee. still be left operating large fleets. For the Marines, 69 JLTVs will replace the 74 Humvees in all active infantry battalions to cover its expeditionary forces. The Marine JLTV order is planned to be completed by 2022, leaving the remainder of the Corps' 13,000-strong Humvee force scattered around support organ... | |
6:97 | image,text | Humvee. by JLTVs, the entire planned order will not be complete until 2040. If upgrades are chosen for the remaining Humvees, the cost would likely have to not exceed $100,000 per vehicle. The Humvee is expected to remain in U.S. military service until at least 2050. Ambulance variants of the Humvee will especially rem... | |
6:98 | image,text | Humvee. steel. It has all-wheel drive with an independent suspension and helical gear-reduction hubs similar to portal axles which attach towards the top rather than the center of each wheel to allow the drivetrain shafts to be raised for a full 16 (in) of ground clearance. The body is mounted on a narrow steel frame w... | |
6:99 | image,text | Humvee. which separates passengers on each side and lowers the overall center of gravity compared to most trucks where the body and passengers are above the frame.The vehicle also has double-wishbone suspension with portal gear hubs on all 4 wheels; and all-around inboard disc brakes. The brake discs are not mounted at... | |
6:100 | image,text | Humvee. It runs on specialized 37 × 12.5 radial tires with low-profile runflat devices. Newer HMMWV versions can be equipped with an optional central tire inflation system (CTIS) kit in the field. While it is optimized for off-road mobility, it can drive at highway speeds of 55 (mph) at maximum weight with a top speed ... | |
6:101 | image,text | Humvee. as the V-22. In combat conditions, the HMMWV can be delivered by the Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System which pulls the vehicle out of the open rear ramp just above the ground without the aircraft having to land.There are at least 17 variants of the HMMWV in service with the U.S. military. HMMWVs serve as... | |
6:102 | image,text | Humvee. (76 cm) normally, or 5 ft (1.5 m) with the deep-water fording kits installed.Optional equipment includes a winch (maximum load capacity 6000 (lbs) and supplemental armor. The M1025/M1026 and M1043/M1044 armament carriers provide mounting and firing capabilities for the M134 Minigun, the Mk 19 grenade launcher, ... | |
6:103 | image,text | Humvee. operate from inside the vehicle, and/or the Boomerang anti-sniper detection system. Recent improvements have also led to the development of the M1151 model, which quickly rendered the previous models obsolete. By replacing the M1114, M1116, and earlier armored HMMWV types with a single model, the U.S. Army hope... | |
6:104 | image,text | Humvee. depending on the operating environment, so the vehicles can move more efficiently without armor when there is no threat of attack. There is some underbody armor that moderately protects against mines and roadside bombs. Other improvements include Vehicle Emergency Escape (VEE) windows that can be quickly remove... | |
6:105 | image,text | Humvee. 4,000 (lb) load. On roads, it has a top speed of 80 (km/h) and a range of 480 (km).## Variants.## Major HMMWV A0/A1/A2 versions."With the introduction of the A1 series the number of models was reduced, with further designation revisions when the A2 series was introduced".M56/M56A1 Coyote Smoke Generator Carrier... | |
6:106 | image,text | Humvee. on an HMMWV; not a Type Classified HMMWV)M1025/M1025A1 Armament Carrier, basic armor, without a winchM1025A2 Armament/TOW Missile Carrier, basic armorM1026/M1026A1 Armament Carrier, basic armor, with winchM1035/M1035A1/M1035A2 Soft top Ambulance, two-litterM1036 TOW Missile Carrier, basic armor, with winchM1037... | |
6:107 | image,text | Humvee. base platformM1097A2 Cargo/Troop Carrier/Prime Mover (replacing the M998A1)M1097A2 Shelter CarrierM1097 Heavy HMMWV Avenger (mounted on an HMMWV; not a Type Classified HMMWV) Packhorse – Attachment to convert an M1097 to tractor version for semi-trailersXM1109 Up-Armored Heavy Hummer Variant (UA-HHV) (replaced ... | |
6:108 | image,text | Humvee. ballistic shield around the top gunner's turret.Variants are: GMV-S (Army Special Forces), GMV-R (75th Ranger Regiment), GMV-N (Navy SEALs), GMV-T/GMV-SD/GMV-ST - AFSOC variants, and the GMV-M (Marine Corps MARSOC) variant.IMETS (mounted on an HMMWV; not a Type Classified HMMWV)ZEUS-HLONS (mounted on an HMMWV; ... | |
6:109 | image,text | Humvee. indirect fire is 4,000m. It is also intended to provide another means of destroying roadside bombs but at a safer standoff range. Only one has been produced.## M1113 Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV).Under contract to the US Army, AM General developed the M1113 Expanded Capacity Vehicle (ECV). The M1097A2 is the ... | |
6:110 | image,text | Humvee. M1114 meets Army requirements for a scout, military police, and explosive ordnance disposal vehicle with improved ballistic protection levels. The M1114 provides protection against 7.62 mm armor-piercing projectiles, 155 mm artillery air bursts and 12 (lb) anti-tank mine blasts.In June 1996, the U.S. Army purch... | |
6:111 | image,text | Humvee. turret gunner, and increased interior heating and air conditioning system. The M1114 and M1116 received armor at O'Gara-Hess & Eisenhardt Armoring Company of Fairfield, Ohio. The M1145 offers the protection of the M1114 and M1116 for Air Force Air Support Operations Squadrons (ASOS). Designed to protect Forward... | |
6:112 | image,text | Humvee. 160 of the earliest models were M1114, with smaller numbers of M1116 and M1045.These extended capacity HMMWVs can drive over an 18 (in) vertical wall and carry a 6820 (lb) payload.M1113 Shelter Carrier - base for special operations vehicles and communications shelter carriersM1114 Up-Armored Armament CarrierM11... | |
6:113 | image,text | Humvee. to reduce the vehicle's weight so that it may more easily carry an up armor kit. TPI's all-composite HMMWV saves approximately 900 (lb) when compared to a current steel and aluminum HMMWV.A prototype XM1124 Hybrid-Electric Humvee on an M1113 Humvee chassis powered by a diesel-series hybrid featuring an all-elec... | |
6:114 | image,text | Humvee. variant is available as an independent vehicle or upgrades for the M1100 Humvee series since June 2018. Bulgaria – Bulgarian HMMWVs have been fitted with PKS general-purpose machine guns. Bulgaria usually replaces Western machine guns on its vehicles to simplify maintenance, since the country is an active produ... | |
6:115 | image,text | Humvee. the percentage of indigenous-made content on the vehicles recently since China's People's Liberation Army is unlikely to accept any equipment that relies largely on foreign-made parts. Egypt – AOI equips HMMWVs with anti-armor weaponry, including TOW, Milan, or HOT missiles. Georgia – Georgian HMMWVs have been ... | |
6:116 | image,text | Humvee. by ELVO in Greece as the M1114GR, M1115GR and M1118GR. ELVO also produced the Ambulance version, a SOF version, and an engineering version of the HMMWV for the Hellenic Army. Israel – Plasan has also designed and supplied an HMMWV armored protection kit for the Portuguese Army, and a different version assembled... | |
6:117 | image,text | Humvee. army. Mexican HMMWVs are similar to the American built models but are slightly longer. They feature a standard selective shift automatic transmission connected to a Mercedes Benz diesel engine and an anti-spalling layer in the passenger cabin. Many are equipped with bulletproof windows and a layer of armor uniq... | |
6:118 | image,text | Humvee. HMMWVs (5 unknown variants are operated by Polish Special Forces). Over 200 are used by the 18th Airborne Battalion which is a part of the 6th Airborne Brigade. The used variants are designated as follows: Tumak-2 – M1043A2, Tumak-3 – M1025A2, Tumak-4 – M1097A2, Tumak-5 – M1045A2, Tumak-6 – M1097A2 (variant use... | |
6:119 | image,text | Humvee. either the UKM-2000P 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun or the NSW-B 12.7 mm heavy machine gun. Tumak-5s are used by anti-tank subunits and are armed with a dismountable Spike missile. Additionally Polish forces of ISAF operate 120 HMMWVs on loan from the U.S. forces. Switzerland – Early MOWAG Eagle light armo... | |
6:120 | image,text | Humvee. – Otokar Cobra – is a wheeled armoured vehicle developed by Turkish firm Otokar which uses some mechanical components, sub-systems and some parts of the HMMWV.## Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle.Textron's Survivable Combat Tactical Vehicle (SCTV) is a protective capsule that can increase Humvee survivability ... | |
6:121 | image,text | Humvee. the 6.5-liter diesel engine with a Cummins 6.7-liter diesel and Allison 6-speed transmission, as well as a stronger suspension, improved brakes, higher ground clearance, and new onboard instrumentation. Fuel capacity is increased from 27 to 40 (usgal) and the battery and fuel cells are moved from under the rear... | |
6:122 | image,text | Humvee. deck. Although heavier than the Humvee, the SCTV is half the weight and costs $150,000 less than a comparably survivable MRAP. The basic version is a four-passenger armament carrier, but it can be configured as a nine-passenger troop carrier, air-defense vehicle, flatbed cargo truck, or field ambulance dependin... | |
6:123 | image,text | Humvee. market of up to 10,000 vehicles. The upgrade can enhance the survivability of previously soft-skinned versions, sometimes sold by the U.S. as Excess Defense Articles, while costing and weighing less than a comparable MRAP. By 2015, Colombia had installed the SCTV into three Humvees for testing, and Ukraine had ... | |
6:124 | image,text | Humvee. 2012. An unknown number, estimated in the hundreds, were captured by the Taliban in their 2021 offensive, and have been in use by the new government's Islamic Emirate Army. Others were taken by surviving Afghan troops who joined up with the National Resistance Front. – 248 on order, gifted by US. – +100 for the... | |
6:125 | image,text | Humvee. 25 in 2010 and 44 donated by the U.S. in 2017. 30 in 2021, 99 in total. More donated this and the past year. – 52 vehicles, 50 are the up-armored M1114 variant, and two are ambulances. – Small numbers (M1113 and M1117) in use by Joint Task Force 2 (JTF-2) and Special Operations Regiment (CSOR). Used in Afghanis... | |
6:126 | image,text | Humvee. sold under the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program. They have seen combat in the 1990s during the FRUD rebellion. - 681 vehicles ≈276 built in Greece by ELVO with designations M1114GR to M1119GR. – Vehicles procured via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program. - Upwards of 20 vehicles gifted from the Iraqi Army... | |
6:127 | image,text | Humvee. been captured by the Islamic State in 2014. Most of them were recaptured by the Iraq Armed Forces as well as other regional actors after IS defeat in 2017. While the remainder were lost through combat. – Several vehicles in use by security forces. – 200+ vehicles – Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sa... | |
6:128 | image,text | Humvee. of them are fitted with BGM-71 TOW ATGM. – 90 vehicles – Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program. 3,000 vehicles in service. – Borrowed U.S. vehicles in Afghanistan were modified by New Zealand Special Air Service and replaced by Pinzgauer. The Army used a small number of U.S. either free/leas... | |
6:129 | image,text | Humvee. of 100 additional vehicles. – 300+ vehicles – 45 vehicles used by Portuguese Army and 3 by the Portuguese Air Force. – 322 of M1113/M1114/M1165/M1151 variants – Limited number of USMC vehicles which were stationed at Georgian port of Poti and were waiting to be shipped to US, were captured by Russian troops. On... | |
6:130 | image,text | Humvee. the course of the Russo-Ukrainian crisis. – Vehicles were sold to Saudi Arabia by the U.S. under the Foreign Military Sales program. – 23 vehicles donated by the U.S. seen in action as recently as 2017. – 123 vehicles, used only by the Infantería de Marina. The Spanish Army, the Spanish Air Force and the Spanis... | |
6:131 | image,text | Humvee. vehicles in Iraq. – Slovenian Armed Forces use as patrol vehicle. – Vehicles sold by the U.S. under the Foreign Military Sales program. – One example obtained for evaluation by army in 1989. Syria – Captured from ISIS Syrian National ArmyHamza Division – Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program... | |
6:132 | image,text | Humvee. 342 vehicles(since 2001) of М1097А2/М1114/М998/M1152/М1116/M1025/HMMWV variants. Out of all vehicles around 110 are at the 95th Airmobile Brigade, 10 vehicles were donated to the Polish–Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion (POLUKRBAT). Reports say that after the Battle of Debaltseve insurgents were seen driving arou... | |
6:133 | image,text | Humvee. 20 Humvees from 2017 with further details not revealed. People's Defense Units Taliban: An unknown number, estimated in the hundreds, were captured by the Taliban from the Afghan National Army.## Operators.## Civilian sales.In December 2014, the Department of Defense began auctioning off some 4,000 used Humvees... | |
6:134 | image,text | Humvee. M998, M998A1, M1038, and M1038A1 model Humvees are available, which are out of U.S. service and lack armor. AM General has been opposed to the resale of military Humvees to the general public, primarily because surplus government vehicles would have cut into sales related to the civilian Hummer model, whose pro... | |
6:135 | image,text | Humvee. total. GovPlanet has since taken over the contract and sells Humvees at its weekly online auctions.## HUMVEE C-Series.In 2017, it was announced that AM General signed a contract with VLF Automotive to build a new civilian version of the HMMWV for sale outside of the US. The initial contract calls for up to 100 ... | |
6:136 | image,text | Humvee. safety or emission standards.## Replicas.Kits have been produced for the general market to turn a sedan into a Humvee lookalike. An alternative is to buy a preconstructed (or "turnkey") model. Various kits exist, but one of the more well known is the Volkswagen Beetle-based "Wombat". This was previously named "... | |
6:137 | image,text | Humvee. company called Rhino Buggies produces replicas of the Hummer H1 based on the Nissan Patrol 4WD vehicle for around A$30,000.In the U.S., four companies offered Hummer-look-alike body kits that can be mated to GM full-size trucks and Suburban chassis and, in some cases, Ford, Dodge, and even Cadillac applications... | |
6:138 | image,text | Humvee. – Brazil BJ2022 – Chinese military vehicle, currently in service Dongfeng EQ2050 – Chinese military vehicle FMC XR311 – an early prototype, as the successor to the M151 jeep, that led to the HMMWV GAZ Tigr – Russian military vehicle, currently in service Hawkei – Australian military vehicle Iveco LMV – Italian ... | |
6:139 | image,text | Humvee. Specialist Vehicle – vehicles manufactured by Mahindra in India for operating in similar roles like the HUMVEE. Kia KLTV - South Korean light tactical vehicle Marine Multi-purpose Vehicle (MMPV) – Philippines MOWAG Eagle – Swiss military vehicle Otokar Cobra – Turkish light armored vehicle with HMMWV parts Oshk... | |
6:140 | image,text | Humvee. vehicle in service with the Japan Self Defense Forces. AKA "Koukidousha". URO VAMTAC – Spanish four-wheel tactical military vehicle by UROVESA VECTOR - Dutch tactical military vehicle VLEGA Gaucho – Argentinian-Brazilian military vehicle Weststar GK-M1 – Malaysian military light vehicle Kozak – Ukrainian milita... | |
6:141 | image,text | Humvee. and pictures HMMWV Manuals HUMVEE C-Series brochure. | |
6:142 | image,text | Baker. A baker is a tradesperson who bakes and sometimes sells breads and other products made of flour by using an oven or other concentrated heat source. The place where a baker works is called a bakery.## History.## Ancient history.Since grains have been a staple food for millennia, the activity of baking is a very o... | |
6:143 | image,text | Baker. described seventy-two varieties.In ancient Rome several centuries later, the first mass production of breads occurred, and "the baking profession can be said to have started at that time." Ancient Roman bakers used honey and oil in their products, creating pastries rather than breads. In ancient Rome, bakers (La... | |
6:144 | image,text | Baker. froth to bread dough made well-leavened bread, marking the use of controlled yeast for bread dough.## Medieval Europe.In Medieval Europe, baking ovens were often separated from other buildings (and sometimes located outside city walls) to mitigate the risk of fire. Because bread was an important staple food, bak... | |
6:145 | image,text | Baker. of weights and measures, quality control, and price controls. Soon after the enactment of the Assize, "baking became a very stable industry, and was executed much more professionally than brewing, resulting in towns and villages having fewer bakers than brewers." Because ovens were expensive capital investments ... | |
6:146 | image,text | Baker. the trade. A fraternity of bakers in London existed as early as 1155, according to records of payments to the Exchequer; the Worshipful Company of Bakers was formed by charters dated 1486, 1569, and 1685. The guild still exists today, with mostly ceremonial and charitable functions. Five bakers have served as lo... | |
6:147 | image,text | Baker. ("Shangshiju"). Bakers often joined the occupation through apprenticeship, or by being born into a family of bakers.In addition to the secular aspect of baking, Ming bakers also were responsible for providing pastries for use in various rituals, festivals and ceremonies, such as zongzi. In "Shi Fu Meets a Friend... | |
6:148 | image,text | Baker. was ordered to take care of the bakery.Ming fiction and art records examples of various bakers; for example, in Feng Menglong's story, the Bo couple owns a bakery to sell the cakes and snacks while in "Water Margin", the character Wu Dalang does not have a settled store and sells pancakes on the shoulder pole al... | |
6:149 | image,text | Baker. items needed in Ming daily life, devotes a full chapter to culinary skills, including the preparation of pancakes and other types of cakes.The work "The Plum in the Golden Vase" mentions baozi (steam bun).## Columbian Exchange.The Columbian Exchange, which began in 1492, had a profound influence on the baking oc... | |
6:150 | image,text | Baker. an increase in the sophistication of baking and pastries, and the development of new products such as puff pastries and Danish dough.## 18th century to present.Two important books on bread-baking were published in the 1770s: Paul-Jacques Malaouin published "L'art du meinier, du boulanger et du vermicellier" ("Th... | |
6:151 | image,text | Baker. and 8 bakers of unknown sex in the city at that time. This occupation was less common that cloth manufacturer and tavern/public house worker, but more common than cotton spinner, merchant, calico printer, or grocer.In 1895, the New York State Assembly passed a reformist "bakeshop law" which included protections ... | |
6:152 | image,text | Baker. to make sure these conditions were met." The legislation was soon replicated in other states. Joseph Lochner, a bakery owner in Utica, New York, was subsequently convicted of violating the law for forcing his employees to work more than sixty hours a week. He appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court, which de... | |
6:153 | image,text | Baker. era, which "would cast a long shadow over American law, society, and politics" until the late 1930s, when "Lochner" was repudiated. Frustrated with the rapid deterioration of working conditions, bakery workers in New York went on strike in August 1905.## In religion.## Christianity.The first bakeries emerged in ... | |
6:154 | image,text | Baker. Eucharist; it is "sacramental bread," "singing bread," or "angel's bread." Jesus defines himself as "the bread of life" (John 6:35). Divine "grace" is called "the bread of the strong" and preaching, religious teaching, "the bread of the word of God." In Hebrew, Bethlehem means "house of bread," and Jesus was bor... | |
6:155 | image,text | Baker. to Honoré for the title of patron saint of bakers, but in the 17th century the French bakers' guild settled in favor of Honoré.## As a surname."Baker" is an easily recognizable English surname of medieval occupational origin; "Baxster" is the female form. Equivalent family names of occupational origin meaning "b... | |
6:156 | image,text | Baker. that bakeries, "especially large manufacturing facilities, are filled with potential dangers such as hot ovens, mixing machines, and dough cutters. As a result, bakers have a higher rate of injuries and illnesses than the national average. Although their work is generally safe, bakers may endure back strains cau... | |
6:157 | image,text | Baker. occupational asthma worldwide.## Comparison with pastry chef.Both bakers and pastry chefs make desserts and breads. In some restaurants and shops, a single individual serves in both roles. In other environments, there is a distinction between the two positions, with bakers making breads, rolls, and muffins, and ... | |
6:158 | image,text | Baker. out of an oven Rolling pin – A tool used to roll and flatten dough Flour scoops – A tool used to add, remove, or measure flour Brushes – A tool used to brush off excess flour from dough, and for glazing Flour mills – A tool used to mill grains; may be either hand-cranked or mechanical## Employment statistics.## ... | |
6:159 | image,text | Baker. About 28% of U.S. bakers work in stand-alone bakeries or in tortilla manufacturing; 26% work in grocery stores; 15% work in restaurants and other eating places; and 5% were self-employed. About 30% of U.S. bakers worked part-time in 2014. Bagel Bakers Local 338 Baker's percentage Baker's yeast, what bakers commo... | |
6:160 | image,text | Baker. England Coffee cake, simple cakes made for everyday use such as for breakfast or as snacks List of baked goods List of bakers List of bakeries List of restaurant terminology Pastry chef, someone who specializes in the making and baking of pastries, desserts, and other elaborate sweets Pâtisserie, a bakery that s... | |
6:161 | image,text | Baker. a bakery in Paris and introduced Viennese steam ovens and pastries there. | |
6:229 | image,text | Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente. The Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente () is beacon/lighthouse located along the coastal peninsula of Sagres Point in the civil parish of Sagres, in the Portuguese municipality of the Vila do Bispo. Not to be confused with the Lighthouse of Ponta de Sagres, which is the located further... | |
6:230 | image,text | Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente. III to defend the coast from attacks from marauding soldiers. Yet, in 1587, the tower was destroyed by the English privateer Francis Drake, and only returned to operation in 1606, following its restoration by order of King Phillip II.The lighthouse of Cape St. Vincente, or the "Lighth... | |
6:231 | image,text | Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente. was abandoned and almost fell into ruin; a survey of the site indicated its deplorable state by 1865. Due to its state and poor performance of its light, work began on remodelling the structure began in 1897. The tower was increased 5.7 (m), and its optic was substituted with a new me... | |
6:232 | image,text | Lighthouse of Cabo de São Vicente. 313 (kg) of mercury. The original beacon installed had a constant five rotations, but was replaced by an incandescent gas lamp. Its rotation was maintained with a clockwork system, allowing it to have a periodicity of 15 seconds, and range of 33 (mi).In 1914, a signal horn was install... |
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YAML Metadata Warning:The task_categories "multimodal-retrieval" is not in the official list: text-classification, token-classification, table-question-answering, question-answering, zero-shot-classification, translation, summarization, feature-extraction, text-generation, fill-mask, sentence-similarity, text-to-speech, text-to-audio, automatic-speech-recognition, audio-to-audio, audio-classification, audio-text-to-text, voice-activity-detection, depth-estimation, image-classification, object-detection, image-segmentation, text-to-image, image-to-text, image-to-image, image-to-video, unconditional-image-generation, video-classification, reinforcement-learning, robotics, tabular-classification, tabular-regression, tabular-to-text, table-to-text, multiple-choice, text-ranking, text-retrieval, time-series-forecasting, text-to-video, image-text-to-text, image-text-to-image, image-text-to-video, visual-question-answering, document-question-answering, zero-shot-image-classification, graph-ml, mask-generation, zero-shot-object-detection, text-to-3d, image-to-3d, image-feature-extraction, video-text-to-text, keypoint-detection, visual-document-retrieval, any-to-any, video-to-video, other
YAML Metadata Warning:The task_ids "image,text-to-image,text" is not in the official list: acceptability-classification, entity-linking-classification, fact-checking, intent-classification, language-identification, multi-class-classification, multi-label-classification, multi-input-text-classification, natural-language-inference, semantic-similarity-classification, sentiment-classification, topic-classification, semantic-similarity-scoring, sentiment-scoring, sentiment-analysis, hate-speech-detection, text-scoring, named-entity-recognition, part-of-speech, parsing, lemmatization, word-sense-disambiguation, coreference-resolution, extractive-qa, open-domain-qa, closed-domain-qa, news-articles-summarization, news-articles-headline-generation, dialogue-modeling, dialogue-generation, conversational, language-modeling, text-simplification, explanation-generation, abstractive-qa, open-domain-abstractive-qa, closed-domain-qa, open-book-qa, closed-book-qa, text2text-generation, slot-filling, masked-language-modeling, keyword-spotting, speaker-identification, audio-intent-classification, audio-emotion-recognition, audio-language-identification, multi-label-image-classification, multi-class-image-classification, face-detection, vehicle-detection, instance-segmentation, semantic-segmentation, panoptic-segmentation, image-captioning, image-inpainting, image-colorization, super-resolution, grasping, task-planning, tabular-multi-class-classification, tabular-multi-label-classification, tabular-single-column-regression, rdf-to-text, multiple-choice-qa, multiple-choice-coreference-resolution, document-retrieval, utterance-retrieval, entity-linking-retrieval, fact-checking-retrieval, univariate-time-series-forecasting, multivariate-time-series-forecasting, visual-question-answering, document-question-answering, pose-estimation
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