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1,422 | # Amide
In organic chemistry, an **amide**, also known as an **organic amide** or a **carboxamide**, is a compound with the general formula `{{chem2|R\sC(\dO)\sNR′R″}}`{=mediawiki}, where R, R\', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is... | 329 | Amide | 0 |
1,422 | # Amide
## Structure and bonding {#structure_and_bonding}
The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalized into the Carbonyl group, thus forming a partial double bond between nitrogen and carbon. In fact the O, C and N atoms have molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons, forming a conjugated... | 602 | Amide | 1 |
1,422 | # Amide
## Reactions
Amides do not readily participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Amides are stable to water, and are roughly 100 times more stable towards hydrolysis than esters. Amides can, however, be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids in the presence of acid or base. The stability of amide bonds has biol... | 395 | Amide | 2 |
1,422 | # Amide
## Synthesis
### From carboxylic acids and related compounds {#from_carboxylic_acids_and_related_compounds}
Amides are usually prepared by coupling a carboxylic acid with an amine. The direct reaction generally requires high temperatures to drive off the water:
:
:
Esters are far superior`{{explain|... | 265 | Amide | 3 |
1,441 | # Abydos (Hellespont)
**Abydos** (*Ἄβυδος*, *Abydus*) was an ancient city and bishopric in Mysia.`{{refn|Abydos is placed either within Mysia,<ref>For Abydos within Mysia, see
*Grainger (1997), p. 675
*Allen & Neil (2003), p. 189
*Bean (1976), p. 5
</ref> or the [[Troad]].<ref name="Brill"/>|group=nb}}`{=mediawiki} It... | 270 | Abydos (Hellespont) | 0 |
1,441 | # Abydos (Hellespont)
## History
### Classical period {#classical_period}
Abydos is mentioned in the *Iliad* as a Trojan ally, and, according to Strabo, was occupied by Bebryces and later Thracians after the Trojan War. It has been suggested that the city was originally a Phoenician colony as there was a temple of A... | 520 | Abydos (Hellespont) | 1 |
1,441 | # Abydos (Hellespont)
## History
### Hellenistic period {#hellenistic_period}
Abydos remained under Persian control until it was seized by a Macedonian army led by Parmenion, a general of Philip II, in the spring of 336 BC. In 335, whilst Parmenion besieged the city of Pitane, Abydos was besieged by a Persian army le... | 678 | Abydos (Hellespont) | 2 |
1,441 | # Abydos (Hellespont)
## History
### Medieval period {#medieval_period}
Pope Martin I rested at Abydos in the summer of 653 whilst en route to Constantinople. As a result of the administrative reforms of the 7th century, Abydos came to be administered as part of the theme of Opsikion. The office of *kommerkiarios* of... | 531 | Abydos (Hellespont) | 3 |
1,441 | # Abydos (Hellespont)
## Ecclesiastical history {#ecclesiastical_history}
The bishopric of Abydus appears in all the *Notitiae Episcopatuum* of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the mid-7th century until the time of Andronikos III Palaiologos (1341), first as a suffragan of Cyzicus and then from 1084 as a metro... | 280 | Abydos (Hellespont) | 4 |
1,449 | # Alan Kay
**Alan Curtis Kay** (born May 17, 1940) is an American computer scientist who pioneered work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface (GUI) design. At Xerox PARC he led the design and development of the first modern windowed computer desktop interface. There he also led the deve... | 687 | Alan Kay | 0 |
1,449 | # Alan Kay
## Subsequent work {#subsequent_work}
From 1981 to 1984, Kay was Chief Scientist at Atari. In 1984, he became an Apple Fellow. After the closure of the Apple Advanced Technology Group in 1997, he was recruited by his friend Bran Ferren, head of research and development at Disney, to join Walt Disney Imagin... | 673 | Alan Kay | 1 |
1,449 | # Alan Kay
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kay is a former professional jazz guitarist, composer, and theatrical designer.
He also is an amateur classical pipe organist.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Kay has received many awards and honors, including:
- UdK 01-Award in Berlin, Germany for pioneeri... | 334 | Alan Kay | 2 |
1,453 | # ALGOL
**ALGOL** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|g|ɒ|l|,_|-|g|ɔː|l}}`{=mediawiki}; short for \"**Algorithmic Language**\") is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in 1958. ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the Associatio... | 685 | ALGOL | 0 |
1,453 | # ALGOL
## Properties
ALGOL 60 as officially defined had no I/O facilities; implementations defined their own in ways that were rarely compatible with each other. In contrast, ALGOL 68 offered an extensive library of *transput* (input/output) facilities.
ALGOL 60 allowed for two evaluation strategies for parameter p... | 300 | ALGOL | 1 |
1,453 | # ALGOL
## Examples and portability {#examples_and_portability}
### Code sample comparisons {#code_sample_comparisons}
#### ALGOL 60 {#algol_60}
(The way the bold text has to be written depends on the implementation, e.g. \'INTEGER\'---quotation marks included---for integer. This is known as stropping.)
**`procedu... | 489 | ALGOL | 2 |
1,453 | # ALGOL
## Examples and portability {#examples_and_portability}
### Timeline: Hello world {#timeline_hello_world}
The variations and lack of portability of the programs from one implementation to another is easily demonstrated by the classic hello world program.
#### ALGOL 58 (IAL) {#algol_58_ial}
ALGOL 58 had no I... | 669 | ALGOL | 3 |
1,453 | # ALGOL
## ALGOL implementations {#algol_implementations}
To date there have been at least 70 augmentations, extensions, derivations and sublanguages of Algol 60.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------... | 688 | ALGOL | 4 |
1,460 | # Asgard
In Nordic mythology, **Asgard** (Old Norse: ***Ásgarðr***; \"Garden of the Æsir\") is a location associated with the gods. It appears in several Old Norse sagas and mythological texts, including the Eddas, however it has also been suggested to be referred to indirectly in some of these sources. It is describe... | 1,138 | Asgard | 0 |
1,460 | # Asgard
## Interpretation and discussion {#interpretation_and_discussion}
Cosmology in Old Norse religion is presented in a vague and often contradictory manner when viewed from a naturalistic standpoint. Snorri places Asgard in the centre of the world, surrounded by Midgard and then the lands inhabited by *jötnar*,... | 277 | Asgard | 1 |
1,460 | # Asgard
## Depictions in popular culture {#depictions_in_popular_culture}
Both Asgard and Valhalla have been portrayed many times in popular culture
### In film {#in_film}
Asgard is depicted in the 1989 film comedy film *Erik the Viking* as a frozen wasteland dominated by the Halls of Valhalla on a high plateau. I... | 233 | Asgard | 2 |
1,478 | # Álfheimr
In Norse cosmology, **Álfheimr** (Old Norse: `{{IPA|non|ˈɑːlvˌhɛimz̠|}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Land of the Elves\" or \"Elfland\"; anglicized as **Alfheim**), also called **\"Ljósálfheimr\"** (*Ljósálf\[a\]heimr* `{{IPA|non|ˈljoːsˌɑːlv(ɑ)ˌhɛimz̠|}}`{=mediawiki}, \"home of the Light Elves\"), is home of the Light E... | 351 | Álfheimr | 0 |
1,484 | # Alabama River
The **Alabama River**, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about 6 mi north of Montgomery, near the town of Wetumpka.
Over a course of approximately 319 mi, the river meanders west towards Selma, then southwest until, about 45 mi from Mobile, it unit... | 562 | Alabama River | 0 |
1,485 | # Alain de Lille
**Alain de Lille** (**Alan of Lille**; Latin: *Alanus ab Insulis*; c. 1128`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}1202/1203) was a French theologian and poet. He was born in Lille some time before 1128. His exact date of death remains unclear as well, with most research pointing toward it being between 14 April 1202 an... | 697 | Alain de Lille | 0 |
1,485 | # Alain de Lille
## Works and attributions {#works_and_attributions}
One of Alain\'s most notable works was one he modeled after Boethius' *Consolation of Philosophy*, to which he gave the title *De planctu Naturae*, or *The Plaint of Nature*, and which was most likely written in the late 1160s. In this work, Alan us... | 638 | Alain de Lille | 1 |
1,485 | # Alain de Lille
## List of known works {#list_of_known_works}
-
- *Anticlaudianus*
- *Rhythmus de Incarnatione et de Septem Artibus*
- *De Miseria Mundi*
- *Quaestiones Alani Textes*
- *Summa Quoniam Homines*
- *Regulae Theologicae*
- *Hierarchia Alani*
- *De Fide Catholica: Contra Haereticos, Val... | 183 | Alain de Lille | 2 |
1,500 | # Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
**The Dodo** is a fictional character appearing in Chapters 2 and 3 of the 1865 book *Alice\'s Adventures in Wonderland* by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). The Dodo is a caricature of the author. A popular but unsubstantiated belief is that Dodgson chose the particul... | 279 | Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | 0 |
1,500 | # Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
## Interpretations
### Disney animated film version {#disney_animated_film_version}
In the Disney film, the Dodo plays a much greater role in the story than in the book. He is merged with the character of Pat the Gardener, which leads to him sometimes being nicknamed Pat the... | 654 | Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) | 1 |
1,508 | # Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
**Albert II** (*Albrecht*; 28 March 1522`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}8 January 1557) was the margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553. He was a member of the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Because of his bellicose nature,`{... | 603 | Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | 0 |
1,509 | # Albert the Bear
**Albert the Bear** (*Albrecht der Bär*; `{{c.}}`{=mediawiki} 1100 -- 18 November 1170) was the first margrave of Brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.
## Life
Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Bi... | 792 | Albert the Bear | 0 |
1,509 | # Albert the Bear
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Albert was married in 1124 to Sophie of Winzenburg (died 25 March 1160) and they had the following children:
1. Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128--7 March 1184)
2. Count Hermann I of Orlamünde (died 1176), father of Siegfried III, Count o... | 191 | Albert the Bear | 1 |
1,526 | # Abner
In the Hebrew Bible, **Abner** (*אַבְנֵר* `{{transliteration|he|ʾAḇnēr}}`{=mediawiki}) was the cousin of King Saul and the commander-in-chief of his army. His name also appears as `{{Script/Hebrew|אבינר בן נר}}`{=mediawiki} \"Abiner son of Ner\", where the longer form Abiner means \"my father is Ner\".
## Bib... | 620 | Abner | 0 |
1,526 | # Abner
## Rabbinical literature {#rabbinical_literature}
Midrashic writings establish Abner as the son of the Witch of En-dor (Pirḳe R. El. xxxiii.), and the hero par excellence in the Haggadah (Yalḳ., Jer. 285; Eccl. R. on ix. 11; Ḳid. 49b). Conscious of his extraordinary strength, he exclaimed: \"If I could only c... | 709 | Abner | 1 |
1,526 | # Abner
## Tomb of Abner {#tomb_of_abner}
The site known as the Tomb of Abner is located not far from the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron and receives visitors throughout the year. Many travelers have recorded visiting the tomb over the centuries. Benjamin of Tudela, who began his journeys in 1165, wrote in the jour... | 888 | Abner | 2 |
1,536 | # Acropolis
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Acropolis of Athens in Athens, Greece An **acropolis** was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens,... | 345 | Acropolis | 0 |
1,536 | # Acropolis
## Differing acropolises {#differing_acropolises}
The acropolis of a city was used in many ways, with regards to ancient time and through references. Because an acropolis was built at the highest part of a city, it served as a highly functional form of protection, a fortress, and was as well as a home to ... | 650 | Acropolis | 1 |
1,536 | # Acropolis
## Modern-day uses {#modern_day_uses}
### Tourism
Acropolises today have become the epicenters of tourism and attraction sites in many modern-day Greek cities. The Athenian Acropolis, in particular, is the most famous, and has the best vantage point in Athens, Greece. Today, tourists can purchase tickets... | 328 | Acropolis | 2 |
1,545 | # Aga Khan I
**Prince Hasan Ali Shah** (*translit=Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh*; 1804 -- 12 April 1881), known as **Aga Khan I** (*translit=Āqā Khān Awwal*), was the 46th hereditary imam of the Nizari Isma\'ilis. He served as the governor of Kerman and a prominent leader in Iran and later in the Indian subcontinent. He was the fir... | 454 | Aga Khan I | 0 |
1,545 | # Aga Khan I
## Governorship of Kerman {#governorship_of_kerman}
Soon after the accession of Muhammad Shah Qajar to the throne of his grandfather, Fath Ali Shah, Hasan Ali Shah was appointed governor of Kerman in 1835. At the time, Kerman was held by the rebellious sons of Shuja al-Saltana, a pretender to the Qajar t... | 831 | Aga Khan I | 1 |
1,545 | # Aga Khan I
## Sindh
Hasan Ali Shah soon proceeded to Sindh, where he rendered further services to the British. The British were able to annex Sindh and for his services, Hasan Ali Shah received an annual pension of £2,000 from General Charles James Napier, the British conqueror of Sindh, with whom he had a good rel... | 685 | Aga Khan I | 2 |
1,545 | # Aga Khan I
## Titles and honours {#titles_and_honours}
The titles *Prince* and *Princess* are used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty. The princely title was officially recognised by the British government to the entire family of the A... | 107 | Aga Khan I | 3 |
1,546 | # Aga Khan III
**Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah** (2 November 1877`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}11 July 1957), known as **Aga Khan III**, was the 48th imam of the Nizari Ism\'aili branch of Shia Islam. He was one of the founders and the first permanent president of the All-India Muslim League (AIML).
His goal was the advancement of... | 427 | Aga Khan III | 0 |
1,546 | # Aga Khan III
## Imamat
The first half of the 20th century was a period of significant development for the Ismā\'īlī community. Numerous institutions for social and economic development were established in the Indian subcontinent and in East Africa. Ismaili communities have marked the jubilees of their Imāms with pu... | 664 | Aga Khan III | 1 |
1,546 | # Aga Khan III
## Religious and social views {#religious_and_social_views}
Shah was deeply influenced by the views of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Sir Khan was the founder of what would eventually become the Aligarh Muslim University. Shah later became a supporter of the institution, contributing funds and advocating for i... | 683 | Aga Khan III | 2 |
1,546 | # Aga Khan III
## Racehorse ownership and equestrianism {#racehorse_ownership_and_equestrianism}
He was an owner of Thoroughbred racing horses, including a record equaling five winners of The Derby (Blenheim, Bahram, Mahmoud, My Love, Tulyar) and a total of sixteen winners of British Classic Races. Shah was a British... | 434 | Aga Khan III | 3 |
1,546 | # Aga Khan III
## Death and succession {#death_and_succession}
Shah was succeeded by his grandson, Karim al-Husseini, who became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims and assumed the title Aga Khan IV. At the time of his death on 11 July 1957, he was surrounded by his family members in Versoix. His last words w... | 594 | Aga Khan III | 4 |
1,547 | # Agasias
**Agasias** was the name of several people in classical history, including two Greek sculptors.
- Agasias of Arcadia, a warrior mentioned by Xenophon
- Agasias, son of Dositheus, Ephesian sculptor of the Borghese Gladiator
- Agasias, son of Menophilus (`{{fl.|probably c | 43 | Agasias | 0 |
1,549 | # Agathon
**Agathon** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|g|ə|θ|ɒ|n}}`{=mediawiki}; *Ἀγάθων\]\]*; c. 448) was an Athenian tragic poet whose works have been lost. He is best known for his appearance in Plato\'s *Symposium,* which describes the banquet given to celebrate his obtaining a prize for his first tragedy at the Lenaia in 416. He ... | 685 | Agathon | 0 |
1,549 | # Agathon
## Known plays {#known_plays}
Of Agathon\'s plays, only six titles and thirty-one fragments have survived:
- *Aerope*
- *Alcmeon*
- *Anthos* or *Antheus* (\"The Flower\")
- *Mysoi* (\"Mysians\")
- *Telephos* (\"Telephus\")
- *Thyestes*
Fragments in A Nauck, *Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta* (18... | 43 | Agathon | 1 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
**Agesilaus II** (`{{IPAc-en|ə|ˌ|dʒ|ɛ|s|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Ἀγησίλαος* `{{transliteration|grc|Agēsílāos}}`{=mediawiki}; 445/4 -- 360/59 BC) was king of Sparta from c. 400 to c. 360 BC. Generally considered the most important king in the history of Sparta, Agesilaus was the main actor during ... | 741 | Agesilaus II | 0 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
## Reign
### Accession to the throne (400--398 BC) {#accession_to_the_throne_400398_bc}
Agis II died while returning from Delphi between 400 and 398. After his funeral, Agesilaus contested the claim of Leotychidas, the son of Agis II, using the widespread belief in Sparta that Leotychidas was an illeg... | 386 | Agesilaus II | 1 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
## Reign
### Invasion of Asia Minor (396--394 BC) {#invasion_of_asia_minor_396394_bc}
According to the treaties signed in 412 and 411 between Sparta and the Persian Empire, the latter became the overlord of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor. In 401, these cities and Sparta supported the bid of Cyrus ... | 800 | Agesilaus II | 2 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
## Reign
### Corinthian War (395--387 BC) {#corinthian_war_395387_bc}
Although Thebes and Corinth had been allies of Sparta throughout the Peloponnesian War, they were dissatisfied by the settlement of the war in 404, with Sparta as leader of the Greek world. Sparta\'s imperialist expansion in the Aege... | 831 | Agesilaus II | 3 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
## Reign
### Decline
When war broke out afresh with Thebes, Agesilaus twice invaded Boeotia (in 378 and 377 BC), although he spent the next five years largely out of action due to an unspecified but apparently grave illness. In the congress of 371 an altercation is recorded between him and the Theban g... | 445 | Agesilaus II | 4 |
1,550 | # Agesilaus II
## Legacy
Agesilaus was of small stature and unimpressive appearance, and was lame from birth. These facts were used as an argument against his succession, an oracle having warned Sparta against a \"lame reign.\" Most ancient writers considered him a highly successful leader in guerrilla warfare, alert... | 695 | Agesilaus II | 5 |
1,552 | # Antonio Agliardi
**Antonio Agliardi** (4 September 1832 -- 19 March 1915) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal, archbishop, and papal diplomat.
## Biography
Agliardi was born at Cologno al Serio, in what is now the Province of Bergamo.
He studied theology and canon law, and after acting as parish priest in his ... | 249 | Antonio Agliardi | 0 |
1,553 | # Agnes of Merania
**Agnes of Merania** (1175 -- July 1201) was Queen of France by marriage to King Philip II.
She is called Marie by some of the French chroniclers.
## Biography
Agnes Maria was the daughter of Berthold, Duke of Merania and Agnes of Rochlitz.
In June 1196, Agnes married Philip II of France, who ha... | 154 | Agnes of Merania | 0 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
(**Vipsania**) **Agrippina the Elder** (also, in Latin, *Agrippina Germanici*, \"Germanicus\'s Agrippina\"; c. 14 BC -- AD 33) was a prominent member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (a close supporter of the first Roman emperor, Augustus) and August... | 518 | Agrippina the Elder | 0 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Background
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was an early supporter of Augustus (then \"Octavius\"). He was a key general in Augustus\' armies, commanding troops during the wars against Sextus Pompey and Mark Antony. From early in the emperor\'s reign, Agrippa was trusted to handle affairs in the east... | 299 | Agrippina the Elder | 1 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Agrippina was born in 14 BC to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, before their return to Rome in 13 BC. She had several siblings, including half-sisters Vipsania Agrippina, Vipsania Attica, Vipsania Marcella and Vipsania Marcellina (fr... | 466 | Agrippina the Elder | 2 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Marriage
Her husband\'s career in the military began in AD 6, with the Batonian War in Pannonia and Dalmatia. Throughout Germanicus\' military career, Agrippina is known to have traveled with her husband and their children. Germanicus\' career advanced steadily as he advanced in ranks followi... | 685 | Agrippina the Elder | 3 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Life after Germanicus {#life_after_germanicus}
Her marriage to Germanicus had served to unite the imperial family. Agrippina may have suspected Tiberius\' involvement in the death of her husband and, with Germanicus dead, she no longer had any familial ties to the emperor. Historian Richard A... | 355 | Agrippina the Elder | 4 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Life after Germanicus {#life_after_germanicus}
### Political rivalry {#political_rivalry}
On New Year\'s Day, AD 24, Sejanus had the priests and magistrates add prayers for the health of Nero and Drusus in addition to those normally offered to the emperor on that day. Tiberius was not happy w... | 366 | Agrippina the Elder | 5 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Life after Germanicus {#life_after_germanicus}
### Downfall
With Tiberius away from Rome, the city would see a rise of politically motivated trials on the part of Sejanus and his supporters against Agrippina and her associates. Many of her friends and associates were subsequently accused of *... | 395 | Agrippina the Elder | 6 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Post mortem {#post_mortem}
Her son Drusus was later also exiled on charges of sexual misdemeanors. Sejanus remained powerful until his sudden downfall and summary execution in October AD 31, just after the death of Nero, the exact cause for which remains unclear. Alston suggests that Sejanus ... | 554 | Agrippina the Elder | 7 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Historiography
Historian Lindsay Powell says Agrippina enjoyed a normal marriage and continued to show her devotion to Germanicus after his death. He says she was regarded by the Roman people as, quoting Tacitus, \"the glory of the country, the sole surviving offspring of Augustus, the solita... | 543 | Agrippina the Elder | 8 |
1,556 | # Agrippina the Elder
## Portraiture
Portraits of Roman women from the Julio-Claudian dynasty display a freer hair treatment than those of traditional Roman men and are more keen on the sensitivity of recording on different textures. These changes in style served to make reproducing them more popular in the mid-first... | 500 | Agrippina the Elder | 9 |
1,563 | # Arthur Aikin
**Arthur Aikin** (19 May 1773`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}15 April 1854) was an English chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer, and was a founding member of the Chemical Society (now the Royal Society of Chemistry). He first became its treasurer in 1841, and later became the society\'s second president.
#... | 618 | Arthur Aikin | 0 |
1,565 | # Aimoin of Fleury
**Aimoin of Fleury** (*Aimoinus (Annonius; Aemonius) Floriacensis*; c. 960) was a medieval French monk and chronicler active in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. He was born at Villefranche-de-Longchat, in Southwestern France, about 960. Early in his life he entered the monastery of Fleury, wh... | 248 | Aimoin of Fleury | 0 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
**Alaric I** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ər|ɪ|k}}`{=mediawiki}; *𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃*, *Alarīks\]\]* `{{lit.}}`{=mediawiki}\'ruler of all\'; *Alaricus*; c. 370 -- 411 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia---territory acquired a couple of de... | 670 | Alaric I | 0 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## Service under Theodosius I {#service_under_theodosius_i}
By 392, Alaric had entered Roman military service, which coincided with a reduction of hostilities between Goths and Romans. In 394, he led a Gothic force that helped Emperor Theodosius defeat the Frankish usurper Arbogast---fighting at the behest... | 289 | Alaric I | 1 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## Semi-independent action in Eastern Roman interests, Eastern Roman recognition {#semi_independent_action_in_eastern_roman_interests_eastern_roman_recognition}
Whether or not Alaric was a member of an ancient Germanic royal clan---as claimed by Jordanes and debated by historians---is less important than h... | 625 | Alaric I | 2 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy {#in_search_of_western_roman_recognition_invading_italy}
### First invasion of Italy (c. 401--403) {#first_invasion_of_italy_401403}
According to historian Michael Kulikowski, sometime in the spring of 402 Alaric decided to invade Italy, but no so... | 1,028 | Alaric I | 3 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy {#in_search_of_western_roman_recognition_invading_italy}
### First siege of Rome, agreed ransom {#first_siege_of_rome_agreed_ransom}
When Alaric was rebuffed, he led his force of around 30,000 men---many newly enlisted and understandably motivated--... | 419 | Alaric I | 4 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy {#in_search_of_western_roman_recognition_invading_italy}
### Sack of Rome {#sack_of_rome}
Negotiations with Honorius might have succeeded had it not been for another intervention by Sarus, of the Amal family, and therefore a hereditary enemy of Alar... | 1,176 | Alaric I | 5 |
1,570 | # Alaric I
## Aftermath
Alaric was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his brother-in-law, Ataulf, who married Honorius\' sister Galla Placidia three years later. Following in the wake of Alaric\'s leadership, which Kulikowski claims, had given his people \"a sense of community that survived his own death\... | 174 | Alaric I | 6 |
1,571 | # Alaric II
**Alaric II** (*𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃*, *Alareiks\]\]*, \'ruler of all\'; *Alaricus*; c. 458/466 -- August 507) was the King of the Visigoths from 484 until 507. He succeeded his father Euric as King of the Visigoths in Toulouse on 28 December 484; he was the great-grandson of the more famous Alaric I, who sack... | 858 | Alaric II | 0 |
1,571 | # Alaric II
## Legacy
The Montagne d\'Alaric (Alaric\'s Mountain), near Carcassonne, is named after the Visigoth king. Local rumour has it that he left a vast treasure buried in the caves beneath the mountain.
The Canal d\'Alaric (Alaric\'s Canal) in the Hautes-Pyrénées department is named after him | 48 | Alaric II | 1 |
1,575 | # Alboin
**Alboin** (530s -- 28 June 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572. During his reign the Lombards ended their migrations by settling in Italy, the northern part of which Alboin conquered between 569 and 572. He had a lasting effect on Italy and the Pannonian Basin; in the former, his invasion ... | 457 | Alboin | 0 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Father\'s rule {#fathers_rule}
The Lombards under King Wacho had migrated towards the east into Pannonia, taking advantage of the difficulties facing the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy following the death of its founder, Theodoric, in 526. Wacho\'s death in about 540 brought his son Walthari to the throne, ... | 411 | Alboin | 1 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Reign in Pannonia {#reign_in_pannonia}
Alboin came to the throne after the death of his father, sometime between 560 and 565. As was customary among the Lombards, Alboin took the crown after an election by the tribe\'s freemen, who traditionally selected the king from the dead sovereign\'s clan. Shortly, ... | 566 | Alboin | 2 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Preparations and departure from Pannonia {#preparations_and_departure_from_pannonia}
Despite his success against the Gepids, Alboin had failed to greatly increase his power, and was now faced with a much stronger threat from the Avars. Historians consider this the decisive factor in convincing Alboin to u... | 599 | Alboin | 3 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Preparations and departure from Pannonia {#preparations_and_departure_from_pannonia}
### March to Italy {#march_to_italy}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 496 | Alboin | 4 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Invasion of Italy {#invasion_of_italy}
### Foundation of the Duchy of Friuli {#foundation_of_the_duchy_of_friuli}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 456 | Alboin | 5 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Invasion of Italy {#invasion_of_italy}
### Conquest of Milan {#conquest_of_milan}
From Forum Iulii, Alboin next reached Aquileia, the most important road junction in the northeast, and the administrative capital of Venetia. The imminent arrival of the Lombards had a considerable impact on the city\'s popu... | 711 | Alboin | 6 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Invasion of Italy {#invasion_of_italy}
### Siege of Ticinum {#siege_of_ticinum}
The first attested instance of strong resistance to Alboin\'s migration took place at the town of Ticinum (Pavia), which he started to besiege in 569 and captured only after three years. The town was of strategic importance, s... | 541 | Alboin | 7 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Assassination
### Earliest narratives {#earliest_narratives}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 411 | Alboin | 8 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Assassination
### Skull cup {#skull_cup}
Elements present in Marius\' account are echoed in Paul\'s *Historia Langobardorum*, which also contains distinctive features. One of the best-known aspects unavailable in any other source is that of the skull cup. In Paul, the events that led to Alboin\'s downfall... | 676 | Alboin | 9 |
1,575 | # Alboin
## Aftermath
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | 519 | Alboin | 10 |
1,577 | # Alcaeus
**Alcaeus of Mytilene** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|s|iː|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος*, *Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios*; c. 625/620 -- c. 580 BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the sc... | 749 | Alcaeus | 0 |
1,577 | # Alcaeus
## Poetry
The poetic works of Alcaeus were collected into ten books, with elaborate commentaries, by the Alexandrian scholars Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace sometime in the 3rd century BC, and yet his verses today exist only in fragmentary form, varying in size from mere phrases, su... | 627 | Alcaeus | 1 |
1,577 | # Alcaeus
## Poetry
### Poetic genres {#poetic_genres}
The works of Alcaeus are conventionally grouped according to five genres.
- **Political songs**: Alcaeus often composed on a political theme, covering the power struggles on Lesbos with the passion and vigour of a partisan, cursing his opponents, rejoicing in ... | 1,128 | Alcaeus | 2 |
1,577 | # Alcaeus
## Tributes from other poets {#tributes_from_other_poets}
### Horace
The Roman poet Horace modelled his own lyrical compositions on those of Alcaeus, rendering the Lesbian poet\'s verse-forms, including \'Alcaic\' and \'Sapphic\' stanzas, into concise Latin -- an achievement he celebrates in his third book... | 249 | Alcaeus | 3 |
1,578 | # Alcamenes
**Alcamenes** (*Ἀλκαμένης*) was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. He was a younger contemporary of Phidias and noted for the delicacy and finish of his works, among which a Hephaestus and an Aphrodite of the Gardens were conspicuous.
Paus... | 282 | Alcamenes | 0 |
1,580 | # Alcidamas
**Alcidamas** (*Ἀλκιδάμας*), of Elaea, in Aeolis, was a Greek sophist and rhetorician, who flourished in the 5th-4th century BC [1](https://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir:100196/datastream/PDF/view).
## Life
He was the pupil and successor of Gorgias and taught at Athens at the same time as Isocrates,... | 339 | Alcidamas | 0 |
1,581 | # Aldine Press
The **Aldine Press** was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice, from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics (Latin and Greek masterpieces, plus a few more modern works). The first book that was dated and printed under his name appeared in 1495.
The Al... | 551 | Aldine Press | 0 |
1,581 | # Aldine Press
## Accomplishments
The press was started by Manutius due to a combination of his love of classics and the need for preservation of Hellenic studies. During its initial era, the press printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.
The first edition of Plato\'s works (known ... | 650 | Aldine Press | 1 |
1,581 | # Aldine Press
## After 1515 {#after_1515}
Manutius died on February 6, 1515. Following his death, the firm was run by Torresani and his daughter Maria, the widow of Manutius. The name of the press was changed in 1508 to \"In the House of Aldus and Andrea Torresano,\" and kept this name until 1529. In 1533, Paulus Ma... | 644 | Aldine Press | 2 |
1,585 | # Alexander I of Epirus
**Alexander I of Epirus** (*Ἀλέξανδρος Α\'*; c. 370 BC -- 331 BC), also known as **Alexander Molossus** (*Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μολοσσός*), was a king of Epirus (343/2--331 BC) of the Aeacid dynasty. As the son of Neoptolemus I and brother of Olympias, Alexander I was an uncle, and a brother-in-law, of ... | 361 | Alexander I of Epirus | 0 |
1,586 | # Alexander Balas
**Alexander I Theopator Euergetes**, surnamed **Balas** (*Alexandros Balas*), was the ruler of the Seleucid Empire from 150 BC to August 145 BC. Picked from obscurity and supported by the neighboring Roman-allied Kingdom of Pergamon, Alexander landed in Phoenicia in 152 BC and started a civil war aga... | 1,125 | Alexander Balas | 0 |
1,586 | # Alexander Balas
## Life
### War with Demetrius II and death (147--145 BC) {#war_with_demetrius_ii_and_death_147145_bc}
In early 147 BC Demetrius\' son Demetrius II returned to Syria with a force of Cretan mercenaries led by a man called Lasthenes. Much of Coele Syria was lost to him immediately, possibly as a resul... | 396 | Alexander Balas | 1 |
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